1. PsychologicalDisorders

2. What are Psychological Disorders? Man of the Ozarks Man of the Ozarks Often difficult to draw a line between normal & abnormal behavior. Often difficult to draw a line between normal & abnormal behavior. Behavior that is normal to some people seems abnormal to others. Behavior that is normal to some people seems abnormal to others. Some believe that having visions & hearing voices is part of a religious experience while others feel this is a symptom of a psychological disorder. Some believe that having visions & hearing voices is part of a religious experience while others feel this is a symptom of a psychological disorder.

3. What are Psychological Disorders? Just because a person is different doesn’t mean they are suffering from a mental disorder. Just because a person is different doesn’t mean they are suffering from a mental disorder. How do you differentiate normal from abnormal? How do you differentiate normal from abnormal? Number of ways to define abnormality. Number of ways to define abnormality. No definition is entirely satisfactory and much controversy exists over labeling someone mentally ill. No definition is entirely satisfactory and much controversy exists over labeling someone mentally ill.

4. Deviation from Normality One definition of normality is that whatever most people do is normal. (bathe daily, grieve, & dress warmly). This approach has limitations. One definition of normality is that whatever most people do is normal. (bathe daily, grieve, & dress warmly). This approach has limitations. Different cultural norms must be considered. Different cultural norms must be considered. The majority is not always right so this approach must be used with other approaches. The majority is not always right so this approach must be used with other approaches.

5. Deviation from Normality Adjustment Adjustment Normal people are able to get along in the world, physically, emotionally and socially. Normal people are able to get along in the world, physically, emotionally and socially. Abnormal people fail to adjust using this definition. Abnormal people fail to adjust using this definition. Not all people with psychological disorders are violent, destructive or isolated. Not all people with psychological disorders are violent, destructive or isolated. Behavior that is socially acceptable in one society may not be in another. Behavior that is socially acceptable in one society may not be in another.

6. Psychological Health Many psychologists think that mental illness is different from physical illness. Many psychologists think that mental illness is different from physical illness. Self- actualization – normal and healthy person who is functioning ideally or at least striving toward ideal functioning. Involves full acceptance and expression of one’s own individuality and humanness. Self- actualization – normal and healthy person who is functioning ideally or at least striving toward ideal functioning. Involves full acceptance and expression of one’s own individuality and humanness. Difficult to judge if a person is doing his or her best or if and when they are beginning to struggle. Difficult to judge if a person is doing his or her best or if and when they are beginning to struggle.

7. Psychological Health Some believe that labeling a person as mentally ill is cruel and irresponsible due to arbitrary definitions of mental illness. Some believe that labeling a person as mentally ill is cruel and irresponsible due to arbitrary definitions of mental illness. Thomas Szasz argued that most people whom we call mentally ill are not ill at all. Thomas Szasz argued that most people whom we call mentally ill are not ill at all. Szasz believes they simply have problems living and need assistance instead of being institutionalized. Szasz believes they simply have problems living and need assistance instead of being institutionalized. Most psychologists disagree with Szasz. Most psychologists disagree with Szasz. Mild psychological disorders are common. Only when the problem becomes severe enough to disrupt every day life is it considered an abnormality or illness. Mild psychological disorders are common. Only when the problem becomes severe enough to disrupt every day life is it considered an abnormality or illness.

8. Classification Classifying is difficult because causes and cures for psychological disorders are rarely clear-cut. Classifying is difficult because causes and cures for psychological disorders are rarely clear-cut. APA (American Psychiatric Association) developed the DSM to classify abnormal symptoms. APA (American Psychiatric Association) developed the DSM to classify abnormal symptoms. DSM = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-IV updated in 1994. DSM-IV updated in 1994.

9. Classification Neurosis & psychosis have been replaced by more specific diagnoses they are still used by psychologists. Neurosis & psychosis have been replaced by more specific diagnoses they are still used by psychologists. Classification is based on the medical model. Classification is based on the medical model.

10. Classification Each diagnostic category has the following descriptions: Each diagnostic category has the following descriptions: Essential features – characteristics that define the disorder Essential features – characteristics that define the disorder Associated features – additional features that are usually present Associated features – additional features that are usually present Information on differential diagnosis – how to distinguish a particular disorder from another similar one Information on differential diagnosis – how to distinguish a particular disorder from another similar one Diagnostic criteria – list of symptoms needed to have a particular label Diagnostic criteria – list of symptoms needed to have a particular label

11. Classification Reduces the chances that a patient is diagnosed differently by different doctors. Reduces the chances that a patient is diagnosed differently by different doctors. Very complex at times to diagnose a person. Very complex at times to diagnose a person. People may exhibit more than one disorder. People may exhibit more than one disorder.

12. Classification DSM-IV uses 5 axes to describe a person’s mental functioning DSM-IV uses 5 axes to describe a person’s mental functioning Axis I – classifies symptoms into categories Axis I – classifies symptoms into categories Axis II – describes developmental disorders and long-standing personality disorders. (language, reading & writing, MR, autism and speech) Axis II – describes developmental disorders and long-standing personality disorders. (language, reading & writing, MR, autism and speech) Axis III – physical disorders or general medical conditions Axis III – physical disorders or general medical conditions Axis IV – measures the current stress level at which a person is functioning. Uses stressors to rate patients. Axis IV – measures the current stress level at which a person is functioning. Uses stressors to rate patients. Axis V – describes the highest level of adaptive functioning within the past year. Categorized into social relations, occupational functioning and leisure time. Axis V – describes the highest level of adaptive functioning within the past year. Categorized into social relations, occupational functioning and leisure time.

13. Classification DSM-IV labels a person which may have a negative influence on a person in the long run DSM-IV labels a person which may have a negative influence on a person in the long run Can affect how a person views themselves or how others view them. Can affect how a person views themselves or how others view them. Many people develop a disorder at some point in their life. Most of those disorders are temporary. Many people develop a disorder at some point in their life. Most of those disorders are temporary.

14. Anxiety Disorders Anxiety – a general state of dread or uneasiness that a person feels in response to real or imagined danger Anxiety – a general state of dread or uneasiness that a person feels in response to real or imagined danger People with anxiety disorder have anxiety that is out of proportion to the situation provoking the anxiety. People with anxiety disorder have anxiety that is out of proportion to the situation provoking the anxiety. Most common type of mental illness affecting about 19 million Americans annually Most common type of mental illness affecting about 19 million Americans annually

15. Anxiety Disorders People with anxiety disorders may avoid dealing with problems and have unrealistic images of themselves. People with anxiety disorders may avoid dealing with problems and have unrealistic images of themselves. May constantly worry, have sudden mood swings or have physical symptoms (headaches, dizziness, fatigue, sweating & muscle tightness). May constantly worry, have sudden mood swings or have physical symptoms (headaches, dizziness, fatigue, sweating & muscle tightness). May struggle to form stable satisfying relationships. May struggle to form stable satisfying relationships. Categorized in DSM-IV into five areas: generalized anxiety disorder, phobic disorder, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and post- traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Categorized in DSM-IV into five areas: generalized anxiety disorder, phobic disorder, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and post- traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

16. Anxiety Disorders Generalized Anxiety Disorders Generalized Anxiety Disorders Anxiety – a vague, generalized apprehension or feeling that one is in danger Anxiety – a vague, generalized apprehension or feeling that one is in danger Panic Attacks – choking, chest pain, dizziness, trembling and hot flashes Panic Attacks – choking, chest pain, dizziness, trembling and hot flashes Some people feel continuous, generalized anxiety and have difficulty with day to day life and relationships. Some people feel continuous, generalized anxiety and have difficulty with day to day life and relationships. Anxiety may be hereditary or due to environmental factors such as childhood trauma, a major life change, or the uncertainties of life. Anxiety may be hereditary or due to environmental factors such as childhood trauma, a major life change, or the uncertainties of life.

17. Anxiety Disorders Phobic Disorder Phobic Disorder Phobia – an intense and irrational fear of a particular object or situation Phobia – an intense and irrational fear of a particular object or situation Specific phobias – can focus on almost anything (heights & enclosed spaces) Specific phobias – can focus on almost anything (heights & enclosed spaces) Social phobias – fear of embarrassing themselves in public places (speaking, eating, dating, public restrooms & meeting strangers). Social phobias – fear of embarrassing themselves in public places (speaking, eating, dating, public restrooms & meeting strangers). People develop elaborate plans to avoid situations they fear. People develop elaborate plans to avoid situations they fear. Phobias can be mild or extremely severe. Phobias can be mild or extremely severe. Treated by allowing someone to experience the fear under safe conditions. Treated by allowing someone to experience the fear under safe conditions.

18. Anxiety Disorders Panic Disorder – an extreme anxiety that manifests itself in the form of panic attacks Panic Disorder – an extreme anxiety that manifests itself in the form of panic attacks Sudden and unexplainable attacks of intense anxiety Sudden and unexplainable attacks of intense anxiety Feel a sense of impending doom or that they may die. Feel a sense of impending doom or that they may die. Usually last a few minutes and happen without warning. Usually last a few minutes and happen without warning. First attack usually occurs after a stressful event and may also be inherited. First attack usually occurs after a stressful event and may also be inherited.

19. Anxiety Disorders Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Obsession – same thoughts over and over in an uncontrollable pattern Obsession – same thoughts over and over in an uncontrollable pattern Compulsions – repeatedly perform coping behaviors Compulsions – repeatedly perform coping behaviors Everyone has obsessions and compulsions but it only becomes a problem when it interferes with what a person wants and needs to do. Everyone has obsessions and compulsions but it only becomes a problem when it interferes with what a person wants and needs to do. Compulsions may make a person feel that they are accomplishing something. Compulsions may make a person feel that they are accomplishing something. Most suffering from this realize it but are unable to stop the behaviors. Most suffering from this realize it but are unable to stop the behaviors.

20. Anxiety Disorders Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) PTSD – disorder in which a victim of traumatic events experience the original event in the form of dreams or flashbacks PTSD – disorder in which a victim of traumatic events experience the original event in the form of dreams or flashbacks Occurs with soldiers, terror victims, natural disasters, plane crashes, and human aggression. Occurs with soldiers, terror victims, natural disasters, plane crashes, and human aggression. Overwhelms a person’s sense of reality and ability to cope. Overwhelms a person’s sense of reality and ability to cope. Can develop immediately or later & can be long lasting Can develop immediately or later & can be long lasting Symptoms – flashbacks, insomnia and guilt Symptoms – flashbacks, insomnia and guilt Social support is very helpful. Social support is very helpful.

21. Somatoform Disorders Somatoform disorder – physical symptoms for which there is no apparent physical cause Somatoform disorder – physical symptoms for which there is no apparent physical cause Term replaces hysteria Term replaces hysteria 2 types – conversion disorder & hypochondriasis 2 types – conversion disorder & hypochondriasis

22. Somatoform Disorders Conversion Disorders – changing emotional difficulties into a loss of a specific voluntary body function Conversion Disorders – changing emotional difficulties into a loss of a specific voluntary body function Loss of functioning is real with no actual physical damage Loss of functioning is real with no actual physical damage Conversion disorder persists unlike momentarily not being able to move when frightened Conversion disorder persists unlike momentarily not being able to move when frightened May not be able to feel with a hand, move legs or have certain normal physical functions, but do not worry about the disablement. May not be able to feel with a hand, move legs or have certain normal physical functions, but do not worry about the disablement. Believed to suffer because they invent physical symptoms to gain freedom from unbearable conflict. Believed to suffer because they invent physical symptoms to gain freedom from unbearable conflict. Conversion disorders are rare. Conversion disorders are rare.

23. Somatoform Disorders Hypochondriasis – person who is in good health becomes preoccupied with imaginary ailments Hypochondriasis – person who is in good health becomes preoccupied with imaginary ailments Spend time looking for signs of serious illness and takes minor symptoms as signs of a fatal illness. Spend time looking for signs of serious illness and takes minor symptoms as signs of a fatal illness. Continue to believe in ailment despite medical testing. Continue to believe in ailment despite medical testing. Occurs often in young adults and is equal among men and women. Occurs often in young adults and is equal among men and women. Believed that people repress emotions and show them through physical symptoms. Believed that people repress emotions and show them through physical symptoms.

24. Somatoform Disorders Dissociative Disorders – a disorder in which a person experiences alterations in memory, identity, or consciousness Dissociative Disorders – a disorder in which a person experiences alterations in memory, identity, or consciousness Very rare but often in the news Very rare but often in the news Dissociative Amnesia – the inability to recall important personal events or information. Usually associated with stressful events. Dissociative Amnesia – the inability to recall important personal events or information. Usually associated with stressful events. Amnesiacs can speak and have a fund of memory. Amnesiacs can speak and have a fund of memory. Should not be confused with memory loss from physical trauma or drug abuse. Should not be confused with memory loss from physical trauma or drug abuse. Many amnesiacs have experienced a traumatic event. Many amnesiacs have experienced a traumatic event.

25. Somatoform Disorders Dissociative Fugue – a person suddenly and unexpectedly travels away from home or work and is unable to recall the past. Dissociative Fugue – a person suddenly and unexpectedly travels away from home or work and is unable to recall the past. Dissociative Identity Disorder – (multiple personality disorder) – person who exhibits 2 or more personality traits each with its own patterns of thinking and behaving. Dissociative Identity Disorder – (multiple personality disorder) – person who exhibits 2 or more personality traits each with its own patterns of thinking and behaving. People who suffer from this usually have suffered severe physical, sexual or psychological abuse during childhood. People who suffer from this usually have suffered severe physical, sexual or psychological abuse during childhood.

26. Schizophrenia The most complex and severe psychological problem we encounter. The most complex and severe psychological problem we encounter. Schizophrenia – a group of disorders characterized by confused and disconnected thought, emotions, and perceptions. Schizophrenia – a group of disorders characterized by confused and disconnected thought, emotions, and perceptions. Affects 1 in 100 or 1 in 10 if it is in family Affects 1 in 100 or 1 in 10 if it is in family Person has lost contact with reality to a considerable extent. Person has lost contact with reality to a considerable extent. Is not a single problem with a single cause or cure. Is not a single problem with a single cause or cure.

27. Schizophrenia Many experience delusions or hallucinations. Many experience delusions or hallucinations. Delusions – false beliefs that a person maintains in the face of contrary evidence Delusions – false beliefs that a person maintains in the face of contrary evidence Hallucinations – perceptions that have no direct external cause Hallucinations – perceptions that have no direct external cause Signs – hear voices, decline in thought process, speedy language, slowed movement, loss of productivity & diverted attention Signs – hear voices, decline in thought process, speedy language, slowed movement, loss of productivity & diverted attention

28. Schizophrenia Paranoid schizophrenia – have delusions and hallucinations with paranoia Paranoid schizophrenia – have delusions and hallucinations with paranoia Catatonic schizophrenia – may remain motionless for long periods of time Catatonic schizophrenia – may remain motionless for long periods of time Disorganized schizophrenia – incoherent language & inappropriate emotions Disorganized schizophrenia – incoherent language & inappropriate emotions Remission schizophrenia – symptoms are gone or not severe; expectation is that symptoms will return Remission schizophrenia – symptoms are gone or not severe; expectation is that symptoms will return

29. Schizophrenia Treatment is long-term and usually requires hospitalization Treatment is long-term and usually requires hospitalization No real cure exists No real cure exists Causes believed to be genetic, biochemical or physiological Causes believed to be genetic, biochemical or physiological

30. Mood Disorders Major Depressive Disorder – sever form of lowered mood in which a person experiences feelings of worthlessness and diminished pleasure or interest in many activities Major Depressive Disorder – sever form of lowered mood in which a person experiences feelings of worthlessness and diminished pleasure or interest in many activities Bipolar Disorder – disorder in which an individual alternates between feelings of mania (euphoria) and depression Bipolar Disorder – disorder in which an individual alternates between feelings of mania (euphoria) and depression Seasonal Affective Disorder – (SAD) struggle with depression in winter, sleep & eat excessively Seasonal Affective Disorder – (SAD) struggle with depression in winter, sleep & eat excessively

31. Personality Disorders Personality Disorders – maladaptive or inflexible ways of dealing with others and one’s environment. Personality Disorders – maladaptive or inflexible ways of dealing with others and one’s environment. Variety of types from shy to show-offs Variety of types from shy to show-offs Difficult to establish meaningful relations with others Difficult to establish meaningful relations with others

32. Personality Disorders Types Types Antisocial – disregarding or violating the rights of others without remorse Antisocial – disregarding or violating the rights of others without remorse Dependent – submissiveness & excessive need to be taken care of Dependent – submissiveness & excessive need to be taken care of Histrionic – display excessive emotions, excessively seeks attention Histrionic – display excessive emotions, excessively seeks attention Obsessive-Compulsive – intense interest in being orderly, having control, & achieving perfection Obsessive-Compulsive – intense interest in being orderly, having control, & achieving perfection Paranoid – distrusts others, perceives others as having evil motives Paranoid – distrusts others, perceives others as having evil motives Schizotypal – feels intense discomfort in close relationships, has distorted thinking and eccentric behavior Schizotypal – feels intense discomfort in close relationships, has distorted thinking and eccentric behavior

33. Personality Disorders Drug addiction Drug addiction Psychological Dependence – use of a drug to such an extent that a person feels nervous and anxious without it Psychological Dependence – use of a drug to such an extent that a person feels nervous and anxious without it Addiction – drug use that involves overwhelming and compulsive desire to obtain and use the drug Addiction – drug use that involves overwhelming and compulsive desire to obtain and use the drug Tolerance – physical adaptation to a drug so that a person needs an increased amount to produce original effect Tolerance – physical adaptation to a drug so that a person needs an increased amount to produce original effect Withdrawal – symptoms that occur after use is discontinued once someone is addicted Withdrawal – symptoms that occur after use is discontinued once someone is addicted

34. Personality Disorders Alcoholism Alcoholism Country’s most serious drug problem Country’s most serious drug problem 80% of HS seniors 80% of HS seniors 50% in last month 50% in last month