1. Week 8 Psychological Disorders

2. Psychological Disorders Atypical Behavior - different than normal Disturbing - determined by others Maladaptive - distressing, disabling,  risk Unjustifiable - cannot be “rationally” justified (Richardson, 1999)

3. Defining Abnormality Abnormality as deviation from the average statistically-based approach Abnormality as deviation from the ideal the standard toward which most people are striving Abnormality as a sense of subjective discomfort psychological consequences of the behavior for the individual (Feldman, 1999)

4. Defining Abnormality Abnormality as the inability to function effectively inability to adjust to the demands of society Abnormality as a legal concept the legal view of “insanity” (Feldman, 1999)

5. Models of Abnormality Medical model –suggests that physiological causes are at the root of abnormal behavior Psychoanalytic model –abnormal behavior stems from childhood conflicts (Feldman, 1999)

6. Models of Abnormality Behavioral model –abnormal behavior is a learned response Cognitive model –assumes cognitions (people’s thoughts and beliefs) are central to abnormal behavior (Feldman, 1999)

7. Models of Abnormality Humanistic model –emphasizes people’s control and responsibility for their own behavior Sociocultural model –assumes behavior is shaped by family, society, and culture (Feldman, 1999)

8. Understanding Psych Disorders Medical Perspective Mental disorders are a psychological response to stress & inhumane conditions Genetic components of many disorders Acceptance of phys cause & search for med treatment The Medical Model Mental illness Diagnosis of symptoms Cure via therapy (Richardson, 1999)

9. Understanding Psych DisordersProblem Aren’t mental “illnesses” socially defined? Bio-psycho-social Perspective Major disorders, like depression & schizophrenia appear to be universal,HOWEVER Other disorders appear to be tied to specific cultures (anorexia nervosa & bulimia) (Richardson, 1999)

10. Classifying Abnormal Behavior Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) –a system devised by the American Psychiatric Association used by most professionals to diagnose and classify abnormal behavior (Feldman, 1999)

11. Classifying Abnormal Behavior Five axes of the DSM-IV DSM is designed to be primarily descriptive and devoid of suggestions as to the underlying causes of an individual’s behavior and problems (Feldman, 1999)

12. (Kohn & Kohn, 1998)

13. Classifying Disorders Goals of Diagnostic Classification  Describe a disorder  Predict its future course  Imply appropriate treatment  Stimulate research into its cause Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental DisordersDSM-IV Classification describes & orders clusters of symptoms (Richardson, 1999)

14. Major Disorders Anxiety Disorder –the occurrence of anxiety without obvious external cause, intruding on daily functioning (Feldman, 1999)

15. Anxiety Disorders Phobic Disorder –intense, irrational fears of specific objects or situations Panic Disorder –anxiety that manifests itself in the form of panic attacks that last from a few seconds to as long as several hours (Feldman, 1999)

16. Anxiety Disorders Generalized Anxiety Disorder Feeling unexplainably tense & uneasy Unavoidable because the cause can’t be identified May develop into “Panic Attacks” Phobic Disorders Irrational fear of a specific object or situation People often accept & live with phobias Fear of snakes, high places, crowds, cats etc. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Repetitive Thoughts or Repetitive Behaviors They interfere with the way we live or cause distress (Richardson, 1999)

17. Psychoanalytic Perspective Early childhood fixation and/or repression Explaining Anxiety Disorders Learning Perspective Anxiety is based on predictability of stimulus Biological Perspective Anxiety as evolutionarily adaptive + twin studies & PET scans (Richardson, 1999)

18. Anxiety Disorders Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Obsession –a thought or idea that keeps recurring in one’s mind Compulsion –an urge to repeatedly carry out some act that seems strange and unreasonable, evenif the sufferer realizes it is unreasonable (Feldman, 1999)

20. Somatoform Disorders Somatoform disorder –psychological difficulties that take on a physical (somatic) form of one sort or another (Feldman, 1999)

21. Somatoform Disorders Conversion Disorders Conversion Disorders - anxiety converted into a physical symptom Hypochondriasis Hypochondriasis - normal sensations interpreted as symptoms of scary sicknesses Disorders that involve physical symptoms (Richardson, 1999)

22. Somatoform Disorders Hypochondriasis –constant fear of illness, and physical sensations are misinterpreted as signs of disease Conversion disorder –involves an actual physical disturbance, such as the inability to use a sensory organ or the complete or partial inability to move an arm or leg (Feldman, 1999)

23. Dissociative Disorders Dissociative disorder –psychological dysfunctions characterized by the splitting apart of critical personality facets that are normally integrated, allowing stress avoidance by escape (Feldman, 1999)

24. Dissociative Disorders Dissociative identity disorder (multiple personality) –a disorder in which a person displays characteristics of two or more distinct personalities (Feldman, 1999)

25. Dissociative Disorders Dissociative amnesia –a failure or inability to remember past experiences Dissociative fugue –an amnesiac condition in which people take sudden, impulsive trips, sometimes assuming a new identity (Feldman, 1999)

26. Dissociative Disorders Sudden memory loss or change in identity Dissociative Amnesia  Selective forgeting  Response to  stress  Temporary Fugue  Presumed forgetting  Fleeing home & ID  Temporary (Real?) Multiple Personality Disorder  Two or more distinct personalities  Physio evidence for separate personalities  popularity has lead to  diagnosed cases  More cultural than psychological? (Richardson, 1999)

27. Mood Disorders Mood disorder –affective disturbances severe enough to interfere with normal living Major depression –a severe form of depression that interferes with concentration, decision making, and sociability (Feldman, 1999)

28. Mood Disorders Mania –an extended state of intense euphoria and elation Bipolar disorder –a disorder in which a person alternates between euphoric feelings of mania and bouts of depression (Feldman, 1999)

29. Mood Disorders Major Depressive Disorders Bipolar Disorders Experience prolonged hopelessness & lethargy, eventually rebounding to normality Alternate between depression and mania (overexcited & hyperactive state) (Manic-Depressive Disorder) (Richardson, 1999)

30. Major Depressive Disorder Last > 2 weeks w/o notable cause? Seasonal Affective Disorder Signs of Depression  Poor Appetite  Insomnia  Lethargy  Feelings of Worthlessness  Loss of Interest in Family, Friends & Activities (Richardson, 1999)

31. Depression (Kohn & Kohn, 1998)

35. Causes of Mood Disorders Learned helplessness –a state in which people conclude that unpleasant or aversive stimuli cannot be controlled –a view of the world that becomes so ingrained that they cease trying to remedy the aversive circumstances, even if they actually can exert some influence (Feldman, 1999)

36. Schizophrenia –a class of disorders in which severe distortion of reality occurs decline from a previous level of functioning disturbances of thought and language delusions perceptual disorders emotional disturbances withdrawal (Feldman, 1999)

37. Schizophrenia Process schizophrenia –symptoms develop relatively early in life, slowly and subtly Reactive schizophrenia –onset of symptoms is sudden and conspicuous Positive-symptom schizophrenia Negative-symptom schizophrenia (Feldman, 1999)

38. Schizophrenic Disorders Signs of Schizophrenia  Disorganized Thinking  Disturbed Perceptions  Inappropriate Actions  Inappropriate Emotions  Affects ~ 1:100 people (Richardson, 1999)

39. Disorganized Thinking Delusions Thinking is fragmented and distorted by false beliefs Q: Why? A : Impaired Attention Breakdown in selective attention leaves you easily distracted. “I’m a movie star, from the planet Gottu - when I finish making the movie, the president will give me an award. Is this room painted pink because you knew it was my favorite?” “I’m a movie star, from the planet Gottu - when I finish making the movie, the president will give me an award. Is this room painted pink because you knew it was my favorite?” (Richardson, 1999)

40. (Kohn & Kohn, 1998)

42. Inappropriate Emotions & Actions Emotions & Actions seem split off from reality Flat Affect - zombie-like state of apparent apathy Catatonia - period of remaining motionless followed by state of agitation Remember Robin Williams in “Awakenings”? (Richardson, 1999)

43. Types of Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a cluster of disorders Positive Symptoms vs Negative Symptoms disorganized/deluded vs toneless/expressionless inappropriate emotions vs silence/catatonia Positive Symptoms vs Negative Symptoms disorganized/deluded vs toneless/expressionless inappropriate emotions vs silence/catatonia Chronic vs Acute Schizophrenia slow development/history of social inadequacy rapid development/reaction to particular life stress Chronic vs Acute Schizophrenia slow development/history of social inadequacy rapid development/reaction to particular life stress (Richardson, 1999)

44. Causes of Schizophrenia Biological causes –dopamine hypothesis schizophrenia occurs when there is excess activity in those areas of the brain that use dopamine as a neurotransmitter Environmental perspectives –expressed emotion an interaction style characterized by criticism, hostility, and emotional intrusiveness by family members (Feldman, 1999)

45. The Prevalence of Psychological Disorders (Feldman, 1999)

46. Bipolar Disorder Signs of Bipolar Disorder  Overtalkative  Overactive  Little Need for Sleep  Elated  Grandiose Optimism & Self-Esteem Mild B-D may result in  creativity (Richardson, 1999)

47. (Kohn & Kohn, 1998)

49. Explaining Mood Disorders Psychoanalytical Current feeling evokes similar childhood feelings that turn inward and produce depression Biological Depression involves genetic predispositions and neurotransmitter abnormalities Social-Cognitive Negative thoughts influence biochemical events creating a cycle of depression Mood BrainChemistry Cognition (Richardson, 1999)

50. Cycle of Depression2NegativeExplanatoryStyle 3DepressedMood 4 Cognitive and BehavioralChanges 1StressfulExperiences

51. Causes of Mood Disorders Learned helplessness –a state in which people conclude that unpleasant or aversive stimuli cannot be controlled –a view of the world that becomes so ingrained that they cease trying to remedy the aversive circumstances, even if they actually can exert some influence

52. (Kohn & Kohn, 1998)

53. Disturbed Perceptions Patient experiences an altered world and perceives things that are not there. Dreams breaking into waking consciousness (Richardson, 1999)

54. Understanding Schizophrenia Brain Abnormalities  Excessive dopamine (+ symptoms)  Abnormal brain tissue  Low activity in frontal lobes Genetic Predisposition  Odds are… 1:100 for general population 1:10 if sibling or parent has it 1:2 if identical twin has it Psychological Factors (Richardson, 1999)

55. Personality Disorders Personality disorder –a mental disorder characterized by a set of inflexible, maladaptive personality traits that keep a person from functioning properly in society

56. Personality Disorders Antisocial or sociopathic personality disorder a disorder in which individuals tend to display no regard for the moral and ethical rules of society or the rights of others Borderline personality disorder a disorder in which individuals have difficulty in developing a secure sense of who they are

57. Personality Disorders Antisocial or sociopathic personality disorder no regard for the moral and ethical rules of society or the rights of others Borderline personality disorder difficulty in developing a secure sense of who they are Narcissistic personality disorder exaggerated sense of self-importance

58. References Feldman, M. (1999). McGraw Hill Company. Retrieved May 2002 from World Wide Web at: http://www.mcgrawhill.com. http://www.mcgrawhill.com Kohn, A. J. & Kohn, W. (1998). The Integrator 2.0. CD-Rom. Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning. Richardson, K. (1999). Retrieved May 2002 from the World Wide Web at: http://www.monmouth.eduhttp://www.monmouth.edu.