1. Chapter 2 An Integrative Approach to Psychopathology

2. One-Dimensional vs. Multidimensional Models
One-Dimensional Models
Explain behavior in terms of a single cause
Could mean a paradigm, school, or conceptual approach
Tendency to ignore information from other areas

3. One-Dimensional vs. Multidimensional Models (continued)
Interdisciplinary, eclectic, and integrative
“System” of influences that cause and maintain suffering
Draws upon information from several sources
Abnormal behavior is multiply determined

4. Multidimensional Models of Abnormal Behavior
Major Influences
Biological
Behavioral
Emotional
Social & Cultural
Developmental

5. Genetic Contributions to Psychopathology
Phenotype vs. Genotype
Nature of Genes
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) – The double helix
23 pairs of chromosomes
Dominant vs. recessive genes
Development and behavior is often polygenetic
Genetic Contribution to Psychopathology
Less than 50%

6. The Interaction of Genetic and Environmental Effects
Eric Kandel and Gene-Environment Interactions
The Diathesis-Stress Model
Examples: Blood-injury-injection phobia, alcoholism

7. The Interaction of Genetic and Environmental Effects (continued)
Reciprocal Gene-Environment Model
Examples: Depression, impulsivity
Non-Genomic Inheritance of Behavior
Genes are not the whole story
Environmental influences may override genetics

8. Neuroscience Contributions to Psychopathology
The Field of Neuroscience
The role of the nervous system in disease and behavior
Branches of Human Nervous System
The Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain and spinal cord
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Somatic and autonomic branches

9. Neuroscience and the Central Nervous System
The Neuron
Soma – Cell body
Dendrites – Branches that receive messages from other neurons
Axon – Trunk of neuron that sends messages to other neurons
Axon terminals – Buds at end of axon from which chemical messages are sent
Synapses – Small gaps that separate neurons

10. Neuroscience and the Central Nervous System (continued)
Neurons Operate Electrically, but Communicate Chemically
Neurotransmitters are the chemical messengers

11. Overview: Neuroscience and Brain Structure
Two Main Parts
Brainstem and forebrain
Three Main Divisions
Hindbrain
Midbrain
Forebrain

12. Neuroscience and the Divisions of the Brain
Hindbrain
Medulla – Heart rate, blood pressure, respiration
Pons – Regulates sleep stages
Cerebellum – Involved in physical coordination
Midbrain
Coordinates movement with sensory input
Contains parts of the reticular activating system (RAS)

13. Neuroscience and the Divisions of the Brain (continued)
Forebrain (Cerebral Cortex)
Most sensory, emotional, and cognitive processing
Two specialized hemispheres

14. Major Structures of the Brain
Figure 2.6b Major structures of the brain. (From Biological Psychology, 7th ed., by J.W. Kalat, © Reprinted by permission of Wadsworth.)
Fig. 2.6b1, p. 47

15. Major Structures of the Brain
Figure 2.6B Major Structures of the Brain
Fig. 2.6b2, p. 47

16. Neuroscience and Brain Structure
Lobes of Cerebral Cortex
Frontal – Thinking and reasoning abilities, memory
Parietal – Touch recognition
Occipital – Integrates visual input
Temporal – Recognition of sights and sounds, long-term memory storage

17. Neuroscience and Brain Structure (continued)
Limbic System
Thalamus – Receives and integrates sensory information
Hypothalamus – Eating, drinking, aggression, sexual activity

18. Neuroscience: Peripheral Nervous and Endocrine Systems
Somatic Branch of PNS
Controls voluntary muscles and movement
Autonomic Branch of the PNS
Sympathetic and parasympathetic branches
Regulates cardiovascular system & body temperature
Also regulates the endocrine system and aids in digestion

19. Neuroscience: Peripheral Nervous and Endocrine Systems (continued)
The Endocrine System
Hormones
The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenalcortical Axis (HYPAC axis)
Integration of endocrine and nervous system function

20. Neuroscience: Functions of Main Types of Neurotransmitters
Functions of Neurotransmitters
Agonists, antagonists, and inverse agonists
Most drugs are either agnostic or antagonistic

21. Neuroscience: Functions of Main Types of Neurotransmitters (continued)
Serotonin (5HT)
Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Norepinephrine
Dopamine

22. Major Serotonin Pathways in the Brain
Figure 2.10 Major Serotonin Pathways in the Brain
Fig. 2.10, p. 51

23. Manipulating Serotonin in the Brain
Figure 2.11 Manipulating Serotonin in the Brain
Fig. 2.11, p. 52

24. Implications of Neuroscience for Psychopathology
Relations Between Brain and Abnormal Behavior
Example: Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
Psychosocial Influences
Can change brain structure and function

25. Implications of Neuroscience for Psychopathology (continued)
Therapy
Also can change brain structure and function
Medications and psychotherapy
Psychosocial Factors
Interact with brain structure and function

26. The Contributions of Behavioral and Cognitive Science
Conditioning and Cognitive Processes
Respondent and operant learning
Learned helplessness
Social Learning
Modeling and observational learning
Prepared learning

27. The Contributions of Behavioral and Cognitive Science (continued)
Cognitive Science and the Unconscious
Implicit memory
Blind sight
Stroop paradigm

28. The Role of Emotion in Psychopathology
The Nature of Emotion
To elicit or evoke action
Action tendency different from affect and mood
Intimately tied with several forms of psychopathology

29. The Role of Emotion in Psychopathology (continued)
Components of Emotion
Behavior, physiology, and cognition
Example of fear
Harmful Side of Emotional Dysregulation
Anger, hostility, emotional suppression, illness, and psychopathology

30. Emotion has three important and overlapping components: behavior, cognition,and physiology
Figure 2.15 Emotion has three important and overlapping components: behavior, cognition, and physiology.
Fig. 2.15, p. 62

31. Cultural, Social, and Interpersonal Factors in Psychopathology
Cultural Factors
Influence the form and expression of behavior
Gender Effects
Exerts a strong and puzzling effect on psychopathology
Social Effects on Health and Behavior
Frequency and quality important
Related to mortality, disease, and psychopathology

32. Cultural, Social, and Interpersonal Factors in Psychopathology (continued)
Stigma of Psychopathology
Culturally, socially, and interpersonally situated

33. Life-Span and Developmental Influences Over Psychopathology
Life-Span Developmental Perspective
Addresses developmental changes
Influence and constrain what is normal and abnormal
The Principle of Equifinality
From developmental psychopathology
Several paths to a given outcome
Paths vary by developmental stage

34. Summary of the Multidimensional Perspective of Psychopathology
Multiple Causation
Is the rule, not the exception
Take a Broad, Comprehensive, Systemic Perspective
Biological
Psychological
Social, cultural, and developmental factors

35. Summary of the Multidimensional Perspective of Psychopathology (continued)
Comprehensive Approach
Understanding the causes of psychopathology
To best alleviate and prevent psychopathology