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Concise History of Western Music
5th edition Barbara Russano Hanning
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Century: The Age of Romanticism
Prelude V The Nineteenth Century: The Age of Romanticism
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Romanticism “Romantic” as a term term derived from medieval romance
connoted something distant, legendary, fantastic term applied to literature, then art and music focus on the individual, expression of the self search for original, interesting, evocative, expressive or extreme
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Romanticism (cont’d) “Romantic” as a period
Classic and Romantic designations continuity of style periods Romantic traits found in eighteenth-century music Classic characteristics in nineteenth century especially Beethoven, qualities of both worlds enormous influence of Beethoven in nineteenth century
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From Classic to Romantic
Romanticism as a reaction reaction to rationalist ideals of Enlightenment logical principles unraveled reign of terror, aftermath of French Revolution period of war, ended in 1815 contemplation of natural world nature poetry landscape paintings supernatural, spiritualism, mysticism, fantasy revival of past traditions exploration of exotic worlds
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FV-01 In Rain, Steam and Speed: The Great Western Railway (1844), J. M. W. Turner explores light and color in depicting the effects of nature. He also ironically suggests the limits of technology by including a hare running ahead of the train. (National Gallery, London. Photo: Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY.) © 2014 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
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From Classic to Romantic (cont’d)
Romantic art interest in color theory painting viewed as quintessential visual art optical effects explored, symbolic associations emphasis on color and illusion parallels in music, colorful orchestration Classicism in painting Romanticism appeared, opposing academic tendencies Jacques-Louis David, leading painter visited Roman ruins, ancient monuments adopted “classical” style classicizing underlies heroic scale, epic quality
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FV-02 Henry Fuseli’s The Nightmare (ca. 1790–91), foreshadows the kind of fantastic scene — exploiting terror, violence, eroticism, and the macabre — that attracted some nineteenth-century artists. (Goethe House and Museum, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Photo: Snark/Art Resource, NY.) © 2014 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
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FV-03 Edward Burne-Jones painted Le Chant d’amour (1868–1877) on a subject that borrowed themes from medieval tapestry design and early Renaissance painting, demonstrating the interest shared by many Romantic artists in a “simpler” past. (© The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Art Resouce, NY.) © 2014 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
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FV-04 Jacques-Louis David, The Love of Paris and Helen (1788). An older contemporary of Beethoven, David was the most important European painter during the French Revolutionary period and a leader of the French Neoclassical style. (Louvre, Paris. Photo: Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY.) © 2014 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
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From Classic to Romantic (cont’d)
Romantic art (cont’d) Romanticism in painting challenges to Classic style arose in France modern life at its darkest, most harrowing Raft of the Medusa by Théodore Géricault Berlioz Symphonie fantastique, musical parallel exotic historical themes, bordering on fantastic Death of Sardanapalus by Eugéne Delacroix
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FV-05 Raft of “The Medusa” by Théodore Géricault (1819) dramatically portrays a sensational contemporary tragedy, underlining the realist and antiheroic qualities of some Romantic art. (Louvre, Paris. Photo: Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY.) © 2014 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
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FV-06 Eugène Delacroix’s Death of Sardanapalus (1827) illustrates the Romantic use of color to suggest emotion, as well as the attraction to sensational and exotic subjects. (Louvre, Paris. Photo: Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY.) © 2014 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
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Europe in the Nineteenth Century
The New Order French Revolution changed European political landscape peasants and workers became citizens Revolutionary ideas of liberty, equality, brotherhood, national identity spread 1814–15: Congress of Vienna, new map, far fewer states Revolution of 1848 unsuccessful popular uprisings, Europe 1848–49 stimulated awareness of national cultural identity composers incorporated national traits; cosmopolitan ideal replaced
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FV-07 Map of Europe, 1815–1848. © 2014 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
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Europe in the Nineteenth Century (cont’d)
Radical change in the Americas United States expanded west and south began to create cultural identity tales of Washington Irving, Nathaniel Hawthorne novels of James Fenimore Cooper songs of Stephen Foster Canada, 1841: French and British provinces united
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Europe in the Nineteenth Century (cont’d)
Economic and social changes Industrial Revolution transformed the economy society based on mass production, distribution large, influential middle class; new ideological movements socialism and Marxism Schopenhauer emphasized individual will artist became new visionary of Romantic era scientific and technological innovations profound change in daily lives
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Europe in the Nineteenth Century (cont’d)
Economic and social changes (cont’d) scientists introduced vaccines, pasteurization; increase in population construction of railroads; altered travel and commerce The decline of aristocratic patronage economic order in Europe changed war and inflation impoverished aristocracy elimination of over 100 small states; reduced number of courts supporting the arts musicians worked for the public played in orchestras
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Europe in the Nineteenth Century (cont’d)
The decline of aristocratic patronage (cont’d) gave concerts composed on commission and for publication taught amateurs success through specialization age of virtuosos, mastery of one instrument violinist Niccolò Paganini pianist Franz Liszt writing for one medium Fryderyk Chopin, piano music Giuseppe Verdi, opera
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Europe in the Nineteenth Century (cont’d)
Middle-class music-making music was important outlet for middle and upper classes money and leisure to purchase and play instruments instruments more affordable piano center of home music-making women, particularly, played piano pianist-composers gave lessons to well-to-do women first half of nineteenth century, music accomplishment attracted a spouse
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TIMELINE © 2014 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
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FV-08 Family Concert in Basle (1849) by Sebastian Gutzwiller shows a typical domestic scene of music-making: a woman performs on a square piano while various other family members play violin and flute or engage in different activities. (Öffentliche Kunstsammlung, Kunstmuseum Basel.) © 2014 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
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Europe in the Nineteenth Century (cont’d)
The market for music and the new idiom amateurs created boom in publishing tens of thousands of pieces for sale composers appealed to amateur performers tuneful melodies, attractive accompaniments extramusical imagery, evocative titles familiar chord progressions, colorful contrasts little technical difficulty
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Europe in the Nineteenth Century (cont’d)
The market for music and the new idiom (cont’d) originality marked by innovative qualities of the material new descriptive genres unexpected progressions chromatic chords, distant modulations, tonal ambiguity new Romantic idiom beautiful melody, colorful harmony and orchestrations emotion, novelty, individuality
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Romanticism in Music Individual paths for expressing intense emotions
respected conventions of form explored new realms of sound Instrumental music ideal Romantic art free from concreteness of words, images autonomous art, free from earlier notions symbolized individualism and economic independence
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Romanticism in Music (cont’d)
Literature was central to work of most composers many composers extraordinarily literary Berlioz, Schumann, Liszt wrote distinguished essays Schubert and Schumann: union between music and poetry Program music versus absolute music program music: instrumental music, poetic, descriptive or narrative subject absolute music: no extramusical associations
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Romanticism in Music (cont’d)
Organicism reflected new concept of organic musical form relationship of themes, sections, movements, other parts to the whole more important than rhetorical structure motivic links contribute to unity more than harmonic plan or conventional form Cultivating extremes testing limits of musical expression dynamic shadings, harmonic logic, formal boundaries, capabilities of performers
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Romanticism in Music (cont’d)
Cultivating extremes (cont’d) monumental and miniature orchestras became larger, more colorful intimate genres for solo piano, solo voice, chamber ensemble
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Concise History of Western Music StudySpace
Visit StudySpace! This site provides access to all music selections referenced in the textbook and The Norton Anthology of Western Music, 7th Edition. Each new copy of the textbook includes a registration code, valid for 2 years. Your Total Access registration code provides access to Chapter Playlists that organize each chapter¹s listening examples and selections, by NAWM identifier. Met Opera scenes are also available. An online EBook, identical to the print copy, with links to all referenced media. Review Materials, including chapter quizzes, listening quizzes, outlines, and flashcards
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Concise History of Western Music, 5th edition
This concludes the Lecture Slide Set for Prelude V by Barbara Russano Hanning © 2014 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc Independent and Employee-Owned
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