1. PSYCHOLOGY 3e Saundra K. Ciccarelli, J. Noland White Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening

2. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Defining Psychopathology Psychopathology: The study of abnormal thoughts, feelings and behaviors

3. Copyright © Pearson Education 2011 Ancient times: Evil spirits released via trepanning Hippocrates: Mental illness from imbalance of body’s four humors Middle Ages: Spirit possession and exorcism Renaissance: Mentally ill labeled witches 14.1 How has mental illness been explained in the past, how is abnormal behavior defined today, and what is the impact of cultural differences in defining abnormality? Early Explanations of Mental Illness

4. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 Causes a person to be dangerous to self or others Deviant from social norms Statistically rare Causes subjective discomfort Does not allow day-to-day functioning What Is Abnormal Behavior?

5. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening The Sociocultural Perspective Sociocultural perspective: Abnormal/normal behavior is product of behavioral shaping within context of: Family influences Social group to which one belongs Culture within which family and social group exist Cultural relativity: Need to consider norms and customs of another culture when diagnosing person from that culture with a disorder Culture-bound syndromes

6. Models of Abnormality ** Psychological disorders - any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, causes them to harm others, or harms their ability to function in daily life.

7. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Models of Abnormality Behavior is caused by biological changes in the chemical, structural, or genetic systems of the body. Abnormal behavior comes from irrational beliefs and illogical patterns of thought. Abnormal behavior is learned. Abnormal behavior stems from repressed conflicts and urges that are fighting to become conscious. Abnormal behavior is the result of the combined and interacting forces of biological, psychological, social, and cultural influences. Cognitive perspective Psychodynamic model Biopsychosocial model Biological model Behaviorism EXPLANATION OF DISORDER

8. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening DSM-IV-TR (DSM 5 released 5/2012) DSM-IV-TR: Manual of psychological disorders and their symptoms Divides disorders and relevant facts about person being diagnosed along five different axes

9. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Five Axes of the DSM-IV-TR Clinical disorders Personality disorders; mental retardation General medical conditions Psychosocial, environmental problems Global assessment of functioning

10. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening How Common Are Psychological Disorders? 26.2 percent of American adults over age 18 have a mental disorder in any given year. 57.7 million people in U.S.

11. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Disorders in the United States

12. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening The Pros and Cons of Labels Labels: Help establish distinct diagnostic categories Help patients receive effective treatment Can be dangerous or overly prejudicial Rosenhan study at psychiatric hospitals: Psychological labels long lasting and powerful Affect how other people see mental patients and how patients see themselves

13. Anxiety Disorders: What, Me Worry?

14. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Phobic Disorders ** Phobia: Irrational, persistent fear of an object, situation, or social activity Social phobia: Fear of negative evaluation in social situations Specific phobias: Fear of objects, situations, or events Agoraphobia: Fear of place/situation from which escape is difficult or impossible

15. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Common Phobias

16. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Panic Disorder Panic disorder: Frequent, disruptive panic attacks Panic attack: Sudden, intense panic; multiple physical and emotional symptoms Panic disorder with agoraphobia: Fear of panic attack in unfamiliar, public place ** The average duration of a panic attack is approximately 10-15 minutes

17. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder ** Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Obsessive, recurring thoughts create anxiety. Compulsive, ritualistic, repetitive behavior or mental acts reduce that anxiety.

18. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Acute and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders Acute stress disorder (ASD): From exposure to a major stressor, with numerous symptoms including moments when the event is “relived” in dreams and flashbacks for as long as 1 month after occurrence Posttraumatic stress disorder: Symptoms of ASD last more than 1 month

19. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Generalized Anxiety Disorder Generalized anxiety disorder: Feelings of dread/doom and physical stress lasting at least six months

20. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Behavioral: Disordered behavior learned through operant and classical conditioning techniques Psychodynamic: Repressed urges and desires trying to come into consciousness, create anxiety that is controlled by the abnormal behavior Biological: Chemical imbalances in the nervous system, genetic transmission Cognitive: Excessive anxiety from illogical, irrational thought processes Causes of Anxiety Disorders

21. Mood Disorders: The Effect of Affect

22. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Mood Disorders Affect: An emotional reaction Mood disorders: Severe disturbances in emotion Person with mood disorder experiences emotions that are extreme and, therefore, abnormal 14.5 What are the different types of mood disorders and their causes?

23. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Major Depression Major Depression: Severe depression, sudden, no apparent external cause Most common of mood disorders Twice as common in women as in men

24. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder

25. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Bipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder: Severe mood swings between major depressive episodes and manic episodes

26. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Cognitive: See depression as the result of distorted, illogical thinking Behavioral: Link depression to learned helplessness Biological: Variation in neurotransmitter levels or specific brain activity; genes and heritability play a part Causes of Mood Disorders

27. Eating Disorders

28. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Condition in which a person develops a cycle of “binging” and uses unhealthy methods to avoid weight gain Condition in which eating is reduced to the point that a weight loss of 15 percent below expected body weight or more is the result Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa Eating Disorders 14.6 What are the two primary types of eating disorders, how do they differ, and who are they most likely to affect?

29. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Possible Signs of Eating Disorders

30. Dissociative Disorders: Altered Identities

31. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Dissociative Disorders Dissociative disorders: Break in conscious awareness, memory, and/or sense of identity Dissociative amnesia: Memory loss for personal information, either partial or complete Dissociative fugue: Travel from familiar surroundings with amnesia for trip and possibly personal identity Dissociative identity disorder: Person seems to have two or more distinct personalities 14.7 How do the various dissociative disorders differ, and how do they develop?

32. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Cognitive and behavioral: Trauma-related thought avoidance is negatively reinforced by reduction in anxiety and emotional pain Psychodynamic: Point to repression of memories, seeing dissociation as a defense mechanism against anxiety Biological: Lower than normal activity levels in areas responsible for body awareness; depersonalization disorder Causes of Dissociative Disorders

33. Schizophrenia: Altered Reality

34. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Schizophrenic Disorders Schizophrenia: Severely disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, inability to separate fantasy from reality

35. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Symptoms of Schizophrenia Excesses of, or additions to, normal behavior Delusions: Unshakeable, false beliefs –Delusional disorder: Primary symptom is delusion Hallucinations: Seeing or hearing things that don’t exist Less than, or an absence of, normal behavior Poor attention Flat affect: A lack of emotional responsiveness Poor speech production 14.8 What are the main symptoms, types, and causes of schizophrenia? POSITIVENEGATIVE

36. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Categories of Schizophrenia Periods of statue-like immobility mixed with bursts of wild, agitated movement and talking Delusions of persecution, grandeur, and jealousy, together with hallucinations Hallucinations Confused speech Inappropriate emotion Social impairments Disorganized Catatonic Paranoid

37. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Causes of Schizophrenia Positive symptoms appear to be associated with overactivity of dopamine areas of brain; negative with lower dopamine activity Genetics, brain structural defects have been implicated Genetics supported by twin and adoption studies Biological roots supported by universal lifetime prevalence across cultures of approximately 7–8 people out of 1,000 Stress-vulnerability model: Suggests people with genetic markers for schizophrenia will not develop the disorder unless they are exposed to environmental or emotional stress at critical times in development

38. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Genetics and Schizophrenia Source: Gottesman (1001)

39. Personality Disorders: I’m OK, It’s Everyone Else Who’s Weird

40. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Personality Disorders 14.9 How do the various personality disorders differ, and what is thought to be the cause of personality disorders? Personality disorders: Persistent, rigid, maladaptive behavior interfering with normal social interaction

41. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Personality Disorders Antisocial personality disorder: No morals or conscience, impulsive, lacks regard for consequences

42. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Personality Disorders Borderline personality disorder: Moody, unstable, unclear sense of identity, clings to others

43. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Personality Disorders

44. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening Genetic factors: Biological relatives of people with personality disorders more likely to develop similar disorders Cognitive-behavioral: Specific behaviors learned over time, associated with maladaptive belief systems Family relationships: Linked to disturbances in family communications and relationships Stress tolerance: Look at the lower than normal stress hormones in antisocial personality disordered persons as responsible for their low responsiveness to threatening stimuli Causes of Personality Disorders

45. Copyright © Pearson Education 2012 Modified by Jackie Kroening DSM constantly being revised to include the findings of current research Some changes involve terminology used to describe disorders and their symptoms Push for greater social relevance and attention to cultural differences 14.10 What are some of the future directions in psychopathology? Future Directions in Psychopathology