1. Climate Change and HFCs a very brief scientific introduction Archie McCulloch

2. Greenhouse Gases (Kyoto) Carbon dioxide - CO 2 Methane - CH 4 Nitrous oxide - N 2 O The F-gases: HFC - hydrofluorocarbon PFC - perfluorocarbon SF 6 - sulphur hexafluoride

3. Greenhouse Gases (Kyoto) Carbon dioxide - CO 2 Methane - CH 4 Nitrous oxide - N 2 O The F-gases: HFC - hydrofluorocarbon PFC - perfluorocarbon SF 6 - sulphur hexafluoride Montreal Protocol Gases CFC - chlorofluorocarbon HCFC - hydrochlorofluorocarbon

4. CFCs and HCFCs Deplete stratospheric ozone Are also Greenhouse Gases

5. CFCs and HCFCs Deplete stratospheric ozone Are Greenhouse Gases stratosphere 40 km 25 km 15 km

6. CFCs and HCFCs Deplete stratospheric ozone Are Greenhouse Gases Production and Consumption are controlled by the Montreal Protocol. Emissions are not controlled. Stratospheric Ozone Depletion and Climate Change can be addressed separately, even though they have scientific interconnections. stratosphere 40 km 25 km 15 km

7. HFCs Do not deplete stratospheric ozone Are Greenhouse Gases troposphere 40 km 25 km 15 km

8. HFCs Do not deplete stratospheric ozone Are Greenhouse Gases Emissions are controlled under the Kyoto Protocol. Other Kyoto Greenhouse Gases are: Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane, nitrous oxide, perfluorocarbons sulphur hexafluoride (SF 6 ) - all controlled; Ozone, hydrocarbons - not controlled. troposphere 40 km 25 km 15 km

9. The Environmental Impact of any substance depends on The Quantity of the Substance EMITTED and The Properties of the Substance

10. These Window air conditioners will affect climate change by EMISSION of greenhouse gases.

11. They consume electricity, which is generated from fossil fuel combustion and so results in EMISSION of CO 2

12. During normal operation there is NO EMISSION of the operating fluid.

13. They consume electricity, which is generated from fossil fuel combustion and so results in EMISSION of CO 2 During normal operation there is NO EMISSION of the operating fluid. When the units are serviced or scrapped the fluid may be emitted.

14. Their Environmental Impact depends on The quantity of electricity used (which has implications for energy efficiency) and The amount of operating fluid emitted, and its Global Warming Potential (GWP).

15. Greenhouse gases absorb infra-red radiation and hence can affect the climate for as long as they persist in the atmosphere. CO 2

16. Greenhouse gases absorb infra-red radiation and hence can affect the climate for as long as they persist in the atmosphere. Global Warming Potential (GWP) is a measure over a fixed time period of the effect of an emission of ONE kilogram of the greenhouse gas compared to the effect from ONE kilogram of carbon dioxide over the same period. It takes account of the absorption effectiveness of the gas and its persistence. The persistence of CO 2 is ignored.

17. Global Warming Potentials (up to 100 years) CO 2 Methane Nitrous Oxide HFC-152a HFC-134a HFC-125 Fluoroform PFC-14 SF 6 1 21 310 140 1300 2800 11700 6500 23900 On their own, these numbers do not describe the impact of the gases.

18. Global Warming Potentials (up to 100 years) CO 2 Methane Nitrous Oxide HFC-152a HFC-134a HFC-125 Fluoroform PFC-14 SF 6 Emission during 2000 (tonnes) 1 21 310 140 1300 2800 11700 6500 23900 30,800,000,000 350,000,000 11,000,000 100,000 7,000 15,000 6,000

19. Carbon Dioxide Methane Nitrous oxide ODS ODS are Ozone Depleting Substances controlled under the Montreal Protocol PFCs HFCs SF 6

20. Actual Production

21. With thanks to: AFEAS (Alternative Fluorocarbons Environmental Acceptability Study) for emission and production data IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) for Global Warming Potentials and Greenhouse Gas emission data University of East Anglia for the Climate Model