1. Pascal and Archimedes P=P o +  gh F buoy =W fluid_displ

2. Typical content of the atmosphere (ppm by volume near the surface) N 2 780,900 O 2 209,400 H 2 O variable (<20,000) Argon 9,300 CO 2 380* Neon 18 Helium 5.2 Methane 1.7* Krypton 1 Hydrogen 0.5 NAAQS pollutants (ppm) CO 9 (Prim. standard) NO 2 0.05 (NO x ??) O 3 0.075 SO x 0.03 P 10 150  g/m 3 P 2.5 15  g/m 3 Lead 0.15  g/m 3 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Atmosphere_gas_proportions.svg * Occur naturally, but variable due to human activity

3. http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/EDDOCS/images/Erb/components2.gif

4. Atmospheric structure http://www.mardiros.net/atmosphere/atmosphere_structure.html Average dT/dh = -6 K/km The region of weather! T relatively constant, increasing to About 200K at the stratopause T up to 1500 K due to intense solar radiation Chemical composition changes to be richer in lighter gases, gravitational stratification almost no H 2 O or ozone

5. Troposphere and Ozone http://www.mardiros.net/atmosphere/atmosphere_structure.html 10 ppm ozone at ~ 50 km compared to 40 ppb ozone in the troposphere! http://www.weatherquestions.com/troposphere.jpg

6. Temperature Inversion http://www.weatherquestions.com/What_is_a_temperature_inversion.htm In extreme cases the temperature can actually increase with height.

7. Temperature Inversion http://daphne.palomar.edu/calenvironment/smog.htm

8. Example of an inversion (Scotland) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature_inversion

9. Schanghai Dec. 1993 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Sha1993_smog_wkpd.jpg

10. Aerosols http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Library/Aerosols/

12. http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html (2) As of Oct. 2008

13. Health Effects: Time and concentration Sulfur dioxide as an example

14. http://www.epa.gov/air/emissions/index.htm CO

15. http://www.epa.gov/air/emissions/index.htm SO 2

16. http://www.epa.gov/air/emissions/index.htm NO 2

17. PM2.5

18. http://www.epa.gov/air/emissions/index.htm VOC’s

19. Air pollution profile for typical cities What are the key trends you observed here, and what is behind those trends?

20. http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html (2) As of Oct. 2008

21. Summary of Tuesday Six pollutants controlled under NAAQS: CO, NO 2, SO 2, O 3, PM-(2.5,10), Pb; VOC contributes to the formation of O 3. Amounts released:~15 (NO) - 110 (CO) million tons/yr. Coal is a major source of PM-X and SO 2 Vehicles are major source of NO 2, CO, VOC (and therefore O 3 ). Temperature inversions concentrate pollution, they are not caused by pollution nor are they responsible for the pollutants in the first place.

22. K&H fig 8.13

23. Typical TRACE Impurities in Coal (does not include sulfur, which is not a trace impurity, but can be several %!) How much lead, mercury, and uranium is emitted per year in the US by power plants burning this stuff?

24. Solution I: Build taller smoke stacks http://science.howstuffworks.com/clean-coal.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flue_gas_stack World’s tallest smoke stack (420 m) in Ekibastusz Kasakhstan at a 1GWe coal-fired power plant (second tallest, at 380m) is at a nickel smelter in the North American Midwest. There are LOTS of tall stacks In the Midwest (many at power plants).

25. Global wind patterns http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/wwhlpr/hurricane_globalwinds.rxml?hret=/indexlist.rxml

26. Acid rain patterns in the US NOTE: neutral water is pH=7; the lower the number, the stronger the acid. ca. 2000

27. Pollution control devices: Power plant

28. Control of particle emissions: Filters and precipitators Cyclonic (better for large >50  m particles) Electrostatic (better for small particles) H.V. on a wire in the center

29. http://www.dukepower.com/environment/air/scrubber_diagram.pdf http://www.indiana.edu/~rcapub/v20n3/p9.html See also an IU article On coal and limestone:

30. Auto emission controls http://auto.howstuffworks.com/catalytic-converter.htm Catalytic Converter: Reduce CO, NOx, VOC Emission Gas Recirculation valve (EGR) Reduces NOx Electronic ignition control Reduce CO, VOC Positive Crankcase Vent. Valve Reduce VOC emission Gas vapor capture Reduce VOC emission

31. Emission Standards for cars (grams/mile) Pollutant197519902004 VOC3.40.410.15 NOx3.11.00.43 CO343.4

32. Chapter 9 Global Climate Change http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/EDDOCS/images/Erb/components2.gif

33. Quiz 5 Three of the seven pollutants (the six NAAQS substances plus VOC’s) we discussed on Tuesday are produced in greater quantities through natural processes than through activities associated with mankind (so-called anthropogenic sources). Identify two of these three, and provide a BRIEF explanation for why we are more concerned with the anthropogenic sources than the natural sources of these pollutants.

34. Spectrum of Solar radiation at the Earth’s surface H&K fig 6.2 Absorption bands due to gasses like CO 2, H 2 O, CH 4 etc. These are the so-called green-house gasses.

35. CO 2 Concentrations and Temperature Change Note that total temperature change across several ice ages was only about 12 o C or about 22 o F.

36. http://www.whrc.org/carbon/http://www.whrc.org/carbon/ (Woods Hole Research Center)

37. Carbon Cycle http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_cycle

38. http://www.whrc.org/carbon/http://www.whrc.org/carbon/ (Woods Hole Research Center) Sediments and sedimentary Rocks could account for another 6x10 7 Petagrams! (www.physicalgeography.net/9r.html) 1 petagram = 1.1x10 9 tons CO 2 emissions are some 65 times the CO emissions

39. Carbon Sequestration (“Clean coal” as of ~ 2000) Research and Creative Activity, Oct 2008, IU OVPR publication Note that “clean coal” is a term that has been around for a long time, but it has only recently morphed into this incarnation. Originally it referred simply to using low-sulfur coal, then to including emission control measures, and finally to include limits on CO 2 emissions. It’s true meaning in the mind of the user is therefore to be taken with some appropriate degree of skepticism!

40. Ozone in the atmosphere: good and bad http://www.mardiros.net/atmosphere/atmosphere_structure.html 10 ppm ozone at ~ 50 km compared to 40 ppb ozone in the troposphere!

41. http://www.atm.ch.cam.ac.uk/tour/part2.html Ozone levels at Halley Bay station (Antarctica)

42. TOMS Satellite movie ( Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer ) http://www.atm.ch.cam.ac.uk/tour/anim_toms.html

43. TOMS Satellite movie ( Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer ) http://www.atm.ch.cam.ac.uk/tour/part2.html

44. Hurricane Interior

45. Global warming: What is the controversy? http://www.junkscience.com/GMT/index.htm Interesting NPR story on recently rejected coal power plant in Kansas http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=15546026