1. gender

2. gender
Refers to the SOCIAL characteristics that distinguish the sexes.

3. Social construction of gender
The social construction of gender is a subtle and complex process that includes:
1. tangible presentations of people

4. Social construction of gender
2. a sexual division of labor between women’s and men’s work

5. Social construction of gender
3. subtle behavioral and attitudinal expectations

6. Gender is embedded in the social and cultural heritage of a group

7. Individuals are introduced to gender as they encounter differential expectations

8. Gender and Socialization
Socialization is the lifelong process of learning to become a member of the social world, beginning at birth and continuing until death

9. SOCIALIZATION
Socialization is a major part of what the family, education, religion and other institutions do to prepare individuals to be members of their social world

10. socialization
Interaction is the basic building block of socialization….
Out of the process of interaction we learn culture and become members of society
Interaction shapes us into human beings with social selves (which are perceptions we have of who we are)

11. socialization
Socialization is necessary not only for the survival of the individual but also for the survival of society and its groups

12. SOCIALIZATION AND THEORY
*most theories of socialization focus on micro-level processes (ie: how families, peer groups etc. teach us how to live in our respective cultures….
* There are important macro processes as well……….

13. SOCIALIZATION-FUNCTIONALISM
(functionalist) perspectives of socialization tend to see different levels of the social world operating to support each other (ex: boy and girl scouts stressing national values/patriotism)

14. SOCIALIZATION-CONFLICT THEORY
Conflict theorists believe that those who have power and privilege use socialization to manipulate individuals in the social world to support the interests of elites

15. Socialization and Symbolic Interactionism
For symbolic interactionists the central “product” of the process of socialization is the self…….
The self refers to the perceptions we have of who we are

16. SOCIALIZATION-SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONIST THEORY
Throughout the socialization process our “self concept” is derived from our perceptions of the way others are responding to us…

17. The self
George Herbert Mead-symbolic interactionists who felt individuals take others into account by imagining themselves in the position of the other, a process called “role-taking”…………

18. Mead and the Self The self develops only with social experience
*the self is not part of the body and does not exist at birth
Mead rejected the idea that personality is guided by biological drives or biological maturation
*the self develops only as the individual interacts with others

19. Mead and the Self
*the key to the development of the self, is learning to take the role of the other
*infants respond to others through imitation
*as children learn to use language and other symbols, the self emerges in the form of play-significant others

20. We are introduced to gender as we are exposed to dissimilar treatment emphasizing differences

21. Differences between males and females-sexual dimorphism
Sexual dimorphism refers to marked differences in male and female biology besides the contrasts in breasts and genitals
Men and women differ not just in primary and secondary sexual characteristics, but in average weight, height and strength

22. How significant are these differences??

23. The behavioral, attitudinal and status differences between men and women emerge from culture and society rather than from biology

24. Margaret Mead and Gender
Anthropologist Margaret Mead did early ethnographic study of variation in gender roles (Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies)
Work based on fieldwork in three societies in Papua, New Guinea:
Arapesh, Mundugumor, Tchambuli

25. ARAPESH

26. MUNDUGAMOR

27. Tchambuli

28. Gender roles-tasks and activities that a culture assigns to the sexes

29. Gender stereotypes-oversimplified but strongly held ideas about the characteristics of males and females

30. Gender stratification describes an unequal distribution of rewards between men and women reflecting their different positions in a hierarchy

31. Feminism
Feminism-the view that biology is not destiny and that stratification by gender is wrong and should be resisted
ARE YOU A FEMINIST?