1. Genetics I. Review Mitosis  Asexual  1 cell Division  Result: 2 cells  Cells are Identical  Cells are Diploid Review Vocab. Diploid – full set of chromosomes Meiosis  Sexual  2 cell Divisions  Result: 4 cells  Chromosomes are randomly distributed.  Cells are Haploid Haploid – half set of chromosomes

2. Genetics II. Main Concepts… a. Sexual reproduction involves the random distribution of genes. b. We have thousands of genes. c. Genes determine your traits. d. Genes line up on your chromosomes. e. Chromosomes are in the nucleus of the cell. f. Chromosomes duplicate and divide in cell division. g. Chromosomes are typically in pairs. h. A diploid cell has a complete set of chromosomes.

3. Genetics Frog: 13 Pea: 7 Apple: 17Chimpanzee: 24 Dog: 39

4. How do we know traits are inherited from our parents? A: Gregor Mendel III. Gregor Mendel Who was he? An Austrian Monk. What did he do? Experiments with pea plants.

5. Mendel’s Experiments Short pea plants X Tall pea plants Q: What did he get? A: All Tall pea plants!!!! Then, Tall X Tall pea plants Q: What did he get? A: 787 Tall pea plants & 277 short pea plants

6. The results as a ratio: 787/277= 2.8/1 = 3:1 ratio of tall to short pea plants

7. Conclusions from Mendel’s Experiments 1.Factors = Genes 2. Law of Dominance: in any pair of genes, one may hide the appearance of the other. Green pea pods X yellow pea pods Outcome: F 1 Yellow Dominant: expressed Recessive: masked, hidden, not expressed 3. Law of Segregation: During Meiosis chromosomes separate, and genes separate also. 4. Law of Independent Assortment: the pairs of genes (and chromosomes) separate randomly!

8. Genetics Vocabulary PHENOTYPE: physical appearance; what it looks like. GENOTYPE: genetic make- up; combination of genes. Represented by 2 letters. 3 possible genotypes. EX. Green pea pod, pink flower, tall stems EX. GG, Gg, gg

9. Genetics Vocabulary DOMINANT: allele that hides(masks) the other. RECESSIVE: allele that is hidden (masked) by the dominant allele. EX. T = dominant allele for tall pea plants. EX. t = recessive allele for short pea plants.

10. Genetics Vocabulary ALLELE: one half of a gene. **2 alleles make up a gene!! You get one allele from one parent and the other allele from the other parent. Alleles can have different forms (dominant or recessive) EX. T = dominant allele t = recessive allele Gene = TT, Tt, or tt

11. Genetics Vocabulary Homozygous: gene with the same alleles. Heterozygous: gene with different alleles. Ex. TT or tt TT = homozygous dominant tt = homozygous recessive Ex. Tt = heterozygous

12. Human Genetics Dimples Cleft Chin

13. Widow’s Peak

14. Free and Attached Ear lobes

15. Second toe is longer than big toe

16. Tongue rolling

17. Traits due to 1 gene Dominant Free earlobe Left handedness Tongue rolling Left arm on top Left thumb on top Recessive Cleft chin Dimples Attached earlobe Second toe longer Widow’s peak Double jointedness

18. Complex Genetics Incomplete Dominance The dominant allele is not completely dominant over the recessive allele. Result: a blend of the 2 forms of the trait. R – red flower r – white flower RR – red rr – white Rr - pink!

19. Complex Genetics Co-Dominance There are 2 dominant alleles for the trait. Result: Both show up equally. Ex. B – black feathers W – white feathers BB – black feathered chicken WW – white feathered chicken BW – black & white checkered feathered chicken!

21. Both are dominant allels and will display in the offspring WWXBB=BW

22. Blood Types Blood Type Alleles I A – A blood I B – B blood i – O blood Blood Type Genotypes I A I A = A blood I A i = A blood I B I B = B blood I B i = B blood ii = O blood I A I B = AB blood

23. or Blood type and Wha

24. If Beyonce is Heterozygous A and Jayz has codominant AB..What would be the outcome of their babies… AO AAA B If Beyonce has is Heterozygous a and Jayz has codominant AB..What would be the outcome of their babies…

25. If Beyonce is Heterozygous A and Jayz has codominant AB..What would be the outcome of their babies… AO AAA B If Beyonce has is Heterozygous a and Jayz has codominant AB..What would be the outcome of their babies…

26. Shakira has a homozygous O blood and her child has heterozygous AB. Can the husband be homozygous A? OO A B

27. X-Linked Traits The allele is attached to the X chromosome. Can only be passed from Mother to son, Mother to daughter, or father to daughter.

28. X-linked genes means… Girls can be normal or Carries but Boys will be AFFECTED the most. XY XXXXY XXXYXY

29. Are you Colorblind?

32. Hemophilia X-Linked Lacks clotting in the blood

33. Menkes Disease X-linked gene causes kinky hair and mental disorders

34. Pedigree How many generations? How many females? How many males? How many great grandchildren? Who has the disease?

35. Karyotypes Def: picture of chromosomes Chromosomal Genetic Disorders: Too many or too few chromosomes. Usually results in death or sterility. Ex. Down’s syndrome

36. Karyotypes Def: picture of chromosomes Chromosomal Genetic Disorders: Too many or too few chromosomes. Usually results in death or sterility. Ex. Down’s syndrome

37. Down Syndrome

38. O Ex. Turner Syndrome 1 in 5000 Usually sterile

39. Turner Syndrome

40. Ex. Edwards Syndrome (Trisomy 18) Most fetuses abort. If survives, 50% do not survive past 1 week. 90% do not survive past 1 yr.

41. Sickle Cell Anemia: genetic disorder where blood cells are oval shaped causing pain

42. Tri-18

43. Huntington’s neurodegenerative genetic disorder that affects muscle coordination and leads to cognitive decline and psychiatric problems

44. PKU and Fragile X PKU-unable to break down proteins Fragile X- mutation in the X chromosome causing mild retardation and autism

45. TaySach –destroys the nervous system neurons/brain and is life threatening Destroys brain function

46. Gel Electrophoresis