1. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley CHAPTER Medical Language Second Edition Gynecology and Obstetrics 13

2. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Gynecology The medical specialty that studies the anatomy and physiology of the female genital system and uses diagnostic tests, medical and surgical procedures, and drugs to treat female genital diseases.

3. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Obstetrics The medical specialty that studies the anatomy and physiology of the female reproductive system and uses diagnostic tests, medical and surgical procedures, and drugs to monitor normal pregnancy and childbirth and treat diseases.

4. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Figure 13-1 Female genital and reproductive system

5. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Anatomy and Physiology (cont’d) The function of the female genital and reproductive system is to display the female secondary sexual characteristics, produce ova (eggs), and, when appropriate, conceive and bear children.

6. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Figure 13-2 Abdominopelvic cavity.

7. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Anatomy of the Female Genital and Reproductive System Ovaries –Small egg-shaped glands about 2 inches in length that are near the end of a uterine tube –Gonads or sex glands in a female

8. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Anatomy of the Female Genital and Reproductive System (cont’d) Ovaries (cont’d) –Function as part of the female genital and reproductive system and the endocrine system –Contain follicles that rupture and release ova (eggs) during the menstrual cycle –Secrete hormones estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone that affect puberty, menstruation, and pregnancy

9. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Figure 13-3 Ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterus

10. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Uterine Tubes –About 5 inches in length –Held in place by the broad ligament –Function is to transport an ovum from the ovary to the uterus –Also known as oviducts or fallopian tubes Anatomy of the Female Genital and Reproductive System (cont’d)

11. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Figure 13-4 Uterus

12. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Uterus –An inverted pear-shaped organ about 3 inches in length –Fundus is the rounded top of the uterus –The corpus, or body, of the uterus is its widest part –The body narrows and becomes the cervix (neck of the uterus). Anatomy of the Female Genital and Reproductive System (cont’d)

13. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Uterus (cont’d) –Within the uterus is the hollow intrauterine cavity, which narrows into the cervical canal. –The wall of the uterus is composed of three layers: perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium. Anatomy of the Female Genital and Reproductive System (cont’d)

14. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Vagina –A short, tubelike structure about 3 inches in length –The fornix is the area of the vaginal canal that is behind and around the cervix. –Covering the inferior end of the vaginal canal is the hymen, although it is sometimes absent Anatomy of the Female Genital and Reproductive System (cont’d)

15. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Vagina (cont’d) –The vaginal introitus is the opening to the outside of the body. –During menstruation, it transports the shed endometrium to the outside of the body. –It holds the penis during sexual intercourse. –It is the part of the birth canal that takes the baby to the outside of the mother’s body. Anatomy of the Female Genital and Reproductive System (cont’d)

16. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley The Vulva External Genitalia  Labia majora  Labia minora  Clitoris  Vaginal introitus  Glands that produce lubricating secretions Additional Structures urethral meatus mons pubis. Anatomy of the Female Genital and Reproductive System (cont’d)

17. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Figure 13-5 External female genitalia

18. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Breasts –Composed of adipose (fatty) tissue and glands, the breasts (or mammary glands) are a part of the integumentary system. –Because of their function, they are also a part of the female reproductive system. –They develop at puberty. –They contain lactiferous lobules that produce milk to nourish the newborn after birth. Anatomy of the Female Genital and Reproductive System (cont’d)

19. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Figure 13-6 Breast

20. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Physiology of Sexual Maturity, Oogenesis, Menstruation, and Conception: The anterior pituitary gland begins to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) to stimulate the ovaries at the onset of puberty.

21. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Physiology of Sexual Maturity, Oogenesis, Menstruation, and Conception: FSH stimulates a follicle in the ovary to enlarge and produce a mature ovum and secrete estradiol, which causes the development of female sexual characteristics.

22. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Physiology of Sexual Maturity, Oogenesis, Menstruation, and Conception: LH stimulates a single follicle each month to rupture and release its mature ovum. LH stimulates the ruptured follicle (corpus luteum) to secrete estradiol and progesterone.

23. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Figure 13-7 Hormones secreted by the ovaries

24. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Physiology of Sexual Maturity, Oogenesis, Menstruation, and Conception (cont’d) The Menstrual Cycle –With the onset of puberty, the female begins to ovulate and menstruate. –Menarche is the beginning of menstruation, which occurs with the first menstrual period, or menses.

25. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Physiology of Sexual Maturity, Oogenesis, Menstruation, and Conception (cont’d) The Menstrual Cycle (cont’d) –Menstrual phaseDays 1-6 –Proliferative phaseDays 7-13 –OvulationDay 14 –Secretory phaseDays 15-26 –Ischemic phaseDays 27-28

26. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Figure 13-8 The menstrual cycle

27. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Physiology of Sexual Maturity, Oogenesis, Menstruation, and Conception (cont’d) Conception –Spermatozoa reach the ovum 24 to 48 hours after sexual intercourse. –Chemicals secreted by the ovum attract the spermatozoa. –Only one spermatozoa penetrates the ovum; this is the moment of fertilization, or conception.

28. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Figure 13-9 An ovum and spermatozoa D. Philips / Photo Researchers, Inc.

29. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Physiology of Sexual Maturity, Oogenesis, Menstruation, and Conception (cont’d) Conception (cont’d) –The resulting cell has 46 chromosomes and is known as a zygote. –Pregnancy begins at the moment of conception.

30. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Physiology of Sexual Maturity, Oogenesis, Menstruation, and Conception (cont’d) Conception (cont’d) –A zygote immediately begins to divide as it moves through the fallopian tube. –The inner mass of cells of the zygote becomes the amnion and the embryo. –The developing embryo floats in and is cushioned by the amniotic fluid.

31. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Physiology of Sexual Maturity, Oogenesis, Menstruation, and Conception (cont’d) Conception (cont’d) –After 4 days of development, the zygote is known as an embryo. –After 8 weeks, it is known as a fetus. –Gestation is from the moment of conception to the moment of birth, approximately 38 to 42 weeks.

32. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Figure 13-10 A fetus at 9 weeks’ gestation Photo Lennart Nilsson/Albert Bonniers Forlag

33. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Figure 13-11 Fetal footprint

34. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Physiology of Labor and Delivery The process of labor and childbirth is known as parturition; it is divided into three stages. –First stage of labor―Cervical dilation, effacement, rupture of membranes –Second stage of labor―Crowning occurs, the baby is delivered, and the umbilical cord is clamped and cut –Third stage of labor―Delivery of placenta, suturing of the episiotomy if one was performed

35. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Figure 13-12 Labor and Delivery

36. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Figure 13-13 Crowning of the fetal head

37. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Figure 13-14 Cutting the umbilical cord

38. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley The Newborn A newborn who is between 38 and 42 weeks’ gestation is a term neonate. A newborn between 28 and 37 weeks’ gestation is preterm, or premature. The skin of the newborn is covered with vernix caseosa, a thick, white, cheesy substance that protects the skin from amniotic fluid in the uterus.

39. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Figure 13-15 Term neonate

40. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley The Newborn (cont’d) The first stool is meconium, a thick, greenish-black, sticky substance. On the top of the head, the anterior fontanel, or soft spot, is a soft area that bulges when the newborn cries. There is also a smaller posterior fontanel at the back of the head that allows the brain to grow before the bones fuse together.

41. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley

42. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Diseases and Conditions Ovaries and Uterine Tubes –Anovulation  an anovulatory cycle is a menstrual cycle in which ovulation fails to occur. –Ovarian cancer

43. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Diseases and Conditions (cont’d) Ovaries and Uterine Tubes (cont’d) –Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)  is a condition in which there is an imbalance of a woman's female sex hormones. –Salpingitis  Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a general term for infection of the uterus lining, fallopian tubes, or ovaries.

44. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Figure 13-16 Polycystic ovary syndrome

45. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Diseases and Conditions (cont’d) Uterus –Leiomyoma  Uterine fibroids benign tumors that develop in the womb (uterus). –Leiomyosarcoma  Malignant tumors that develop in the womb (uterus).

46. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Figure 13-18 Leiomyoma CNRI/Photo Researchers, Inc.

47. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Diseases and Conditions (cont’d) Uterus (cont’d) –Endometrial cancer –Endometriosis  disorder that occurs when cells from the lining of the womb (uterus) grow in other areas of the body –Myometritis  Inflammation of the muscular wall of the uterus

48. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Figure 13-17 Endometriosis Z. Binor/Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.

49. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Diseases and Conditions (cont’d) Uterus (cont’d) –Retroflexion of the uterus  a uterus that is tilted backwards instead of forwards. –Uterine prolapse  is falling or sliding of the womb (uterus) from its normal position into the vaginal area

50. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Diseases and Conditions (cont’d) Menstrual Disorders –Amenorrhea  is the absence of a menstrual period in a woman of reproductive age –Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB)  is abnormal genital tract bleeding based in the uterus and found in the absence of demonstrable structural or organic pathology.

51. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Diseases and Conditions (cont’d) Menstrual Disorders (cont’d) –Dysmenorrhea  Menstrual cramps; dull, throbbing or cramping pains in the lower abdomen –Menopause  describe the permanent cessation of the primary functions of the human ovaries –Menorrhagia  Vaginal bleeding normally during a menstrual cycle

52. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Diseases and Conditions (cont’d) Menstrual Disorders (cont’d) –Oligomenorrhea  irregular or infrequent menstrual periods with intervals of more than 35 days –Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)  refers to range of physical or emotional symptoms occurring 5 to 11 days prior toy menstrual cycle –Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)  severe depression symptoms, irritability, and tension before menstruation; worse than PMS

53. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Diseases and Conditions (cont’d) Cervix –Cervical cancer –Cervical dysplasia  abnormal changes in the cells on the surface of the cervix; can be pre-cancerous –Incompetent cervix  cervix is weak and begins to open before a baby is ready to be born,

54. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Figure 13-19 Cervical dysplasia SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.

55. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Diseases and Conditions (cont’d) Vagina and Perineum –Bacterial vaginosis  an infection which symptoms include an odorous vaginal discharge. –Candidiasis  infection caused by a group of fungi or yeast –Cystocele  the wall between the bladder and vagina weakens the bladder to encroachs into the vagina

56. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Diseases and Conditions (cont’d) Vagina and Perineum (cont’d) –Dyspareunia  genital pain associated with sexual intercourse. –Rectocele  (rectal prolapse) occurs when the end of the large intestine (rectum) encroaches through the back wall of the vagina –Vaginitis  Inflammation of the vagina. Discharge, itching and pain, is often associated with infection of the vulva

57. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Diseases and Conditions (cont’d) Breasts –Breast cancer  BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene

58. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Figure 13-20 Breast with cancer and cysts

59. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Figure 13-21 Peau d’orange CNRI/Photo Researchers, Inc.

60. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Medical and Surgical Procedures (cont’d) Surgical Procedures of the Breast –Lumpectomy –Mammaplasty –Mastectomy –Reconstructive breast surgery

61. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Figure 13-35 Breast implant Getty Images – Photodisc-Royalty Free

62. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Figure 13-39 TRAM flap reconstruction

63. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Diseases and Conditions (cont’d) Breasts (cont’d) –Failure of lactation  Milk production fails to start –Fibrocystic disease  painful, lumpy breasts; generally worse pre- mensturaly –Galactorrhea  production of breast milk in men or in women who are not breastfeeding

64. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Diseases and Conditions (cont’d) Pregnancy and Labor and Delivery –Abnormal presentation  anything other than the head-down position of a baby during delivery. –Abruptio placentae  separation of the placenta from the uterine wall before the delivery.

65. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Figure 13-22 Breech position Vince Michaels/Getty Images Inc. – Stone Allstock

66. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Figure 13-23 Malpresentation of fraternal twins

67. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Diseases and Conditions (cont’d) Pregnancy and Labor and Delivery (cont’d) –Cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD)  baby's head or body is too large to fit through the mother's pelvis –Dystocia  abnormal or difficult childbirth or labor. –Ectopic pregnancy  abnormal pregnancy outside the uterus.

68. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Diseases and Conditions (cont’d) Pregnancy and Labor and Delivery (cont’d) –Gestational diabetes mellitus  during pregnancy the body is not able to make enough insulin –Hydatidiform mole  abnormal pregnancy, wherein a non-viable, fertilized egg implants, and converts normal pregnancy processes into pathological

69. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Diseases and Conditions (cont’d) Pregnancy and Labor and Delivery (cont’d) –Mastitis  an infection of breast tissue –Morning sickness  nausea gravidarum, nausea/vomiting of pregnancy –Placenta previa  placenta grows in the lowest part of the uterus covering all or part of the opening to the cervix

70. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Figure 13-24 Placenta previa

71. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Diseases and Conditions (cont’d) Pregnancy and Labor and Delivery (cont’d) –Oligohydramnios  deficiency of amniotic fluid in the amniotic sac. –Polyhydramnios  excess of amniotic fluid in the amniotic sac.

72. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Diseases and Conditions (cont’d) Pregnancy and Labor and Delivery (cont’d) –Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH)  severe bleeding after birth –Preeclampsia  high blood pressure and protein in the urine after the 20th week

73. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Diseases and Conditions (cont’d) Pregnancy and Labor and Delivery (cont’d) –Premature labor  labor that begins before 37 weeks of pregnancy –Premature rupture of membranes (PROM)  rupture of amniotic sac/membranes (water breaks) before 37 weeks

74. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Diseases and Conditions (cont’d) Pregnancy and Labor and Delivery (cont.) –Prolapsed cord  umbilical cord descends alongside or beyond the fetal presentation –Spontaneous abortion (SAB)  Miscarriage; spontaneous loss of a fetus before the 20th week –Uterine inertia  absence of effective uterine contractions during labor

75. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Diseases and Conditions (cont’d) Fetus and Neonate –Apnea  Not breathing –Fetal distress  presence of signs in a pregnant woman, before or during childbirth, that suggest that the fetus may not be well –Growth abnormalities

76. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Figure 13-33 Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) Zephyr/Photo Researchers, Inc.

77. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Diseases and Conditions (cont’d) Fetus and Neonate (cont’d) –Jaundice –Meconium aspiration –Nuchal cord –Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)

78. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Laboratory and Diagnostic Procedures Gynecologic Diagnostic Procedures –Acid phosphatase –BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene –Biopsy

79. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Laboratory and Diagnostic Procedures (cont’d) Gynecologic Diagnostic Procedures (cont’d) –Estrogen receptor assay –Pap smear –Wet mount

80. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Figure 13-25 Taking a Pap smear

81. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Figure 13-26 Reading a Pap smear Neuromedical Systems, Inc.

82. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Laboratory and Diagnostic Procedures (cont’d) Infertility Diagnostic Tests –Antisperm antibody test –Hormone testing

83. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Laboratory and Diagnostic Procedures (cont’d) Pregnancy and Neonatal Diagnostic Tests –Amniocentesis –Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) –Pregnancy test

84. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Figure 13-27 Amniocentesis Yoav Levy / Phototake NYC

85. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Laboratory and Diagnostic Procedures (cont’d) Radiologic Procedures –Hysterosalpingography –Mammography –Ultrasonography

86. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Figure 13-28 Mammography Getty Images – Photodisc-Royalty Free

87. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Figure 13-29 Three-dimensional ultrasonography GE Medical Systems / Photo Researchers, Inc.

88. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Medical and Surgical Procedures Medical Procedures of the Internal Genitalia –Colposcopy –Cryosurgery –Gynecologic examination

89. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Figure 13-30 Bimanual examination

90. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Figure 13-31 Speculum Simon Fraser/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.

91. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Medical and Surgical Procedures (cont’d) Medical Procedures of the Breast –Breast self-examination (BSE) –Tanner staging

92. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Figure 13-32 Breast self-examination Keith Brofsky/PhotoDisc/Getty Images

93. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Medical and Surgical Procedures (cont’d) Medical Procedures for Obstetrics –Amniotomy –Apgar score –Assisted delivery

94. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Medical and Surgical Procedures (cont’d) Medical Procedures for Obstetrics (cont’d) –Epidural anesthesia –Fundal height

95. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Medical and Surgical Procedures (cont’d) Medical Procedures for Obstetrics (cont’d) –Induction of labor –Nägele’s rule –Nonstress test (NST)

96. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Medical and Surgical Procedures (cont’d) Medical Procedures for Obstetrics (cont’d) –Obstetrical history –Therapeutic abortion –Version

97. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Medical and Surgical Procedures (cont’d) Medical Procedures for Obstetrics (cont’d) –Assisted reproductive technology (ART)  In vitro fertilization (IVF)  Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)  Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)  Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)

98. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Medical and Surgical Procedures (cont’d) Surgical Procedures of the Uterus, Uterine Tubes, and Ovaries –Dilation and curettage (D&C) –Endometrial ablation –Hysterectomy –Laparoscopy

99. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Figure 13-34 Laparoscopic surgery (b) David M. Grossman / Phototake NYC

100. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Medical and Surgical Procedures (cont’d) Surgical Procedures of the Uterus, Uterine Tubes, and Ovaries (cont’d) –Myomectomy –Oophorectomy –Salpingectomy

101. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Medical and Surgical Procedures (cont’d) Surgical Procedures of the Uterus, Uterine Tubes, and Ovaries (cont’d) –Tubal ligation –Uterine artery embolization –Uterine suspension

102. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Medical and Surgical Procedures (cont’d) Surgical Procedures of the Cervix and Vagina –Colporrhaphy –Conization –Culdoscopy

103. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Medical and Surgical Procedures (cont’d) Surgical Procedures in Obstetrics –Cerclage –Cesarean section –Episiotomy

104. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Abbreviations

105. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Abbreviations

106. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Language, Second Edition Susan Turley Abbreviations