1. Non-Infectious Diseases Cancer
Health 12
Non-Infectious Diseases Cancer

2. Cancer
Cancer is a disease in which abnormal cells in the body grow out of control.

3. Leukemia Leukemia is a cancer of the bone marrow and blood.
Two major types of leukemia are:
Lymphocytic leukemia – increase of white blood cells known as lymphocytes
Myelogenous leukemia – increase of white blood cells known as granulocytes
Leukemia can be acute or chronic. Acute progresses rapidly, whereas chronic forms of leukemia progress slowly, leading to different approaches to diagnosis and treatment.

4. Risk Factors Chronic exposure to benzene
Exposure to large doses of radiation
Cancer-causing chemicals in tobacco

5. Leukemia Statistics
36,273 people in the United States were diagnosed with leukemia, including 20,629 males and 15,644 females.
21,928 people in the United States died from leukemia, including 12,434 males and 2,494 females.

6. Lymphoma
Lymphoma is a general term for a group of cancers that originate in the lymph system.
Two primary types of lymphoma are:
Hodgkin lymphoma – spreads in an orderly manner from one group of lymph nodes to another
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma – spreads through the lymphatic system in a non-orderly manner

7. Risk Factors Main causes of lymphoma are unknown.
Research has shown that people infected with HIV are at much higher risk of developing lymphoma.
Some other studies suggest that specific ingredients in herbicides and pesticides can cause lymphoma

8. Non-Hodgkin Statistics
58,393 people in the United States were diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, including 31,351 men and 27,042 women.
20,528 people in the United States died from non-Hodgkin lymphoma, including 11,004 men and 9,524 women.

9. Myeloma Myeloma is a cancer of the plasma cells.
The cells overgrow, forming a mass or tumor that is located in the bone marrow.
Bone marrow is the spongy tissue found in the center of the bone, where red cells, white blood cells, and platelets are made.

10. Risk Factors
People under the age of 45 years rarely develop the disease.
Those who are 67 years or older are at the greatest risk of developing myeloma.
Men are more likely than women to develop myeloma.
Myeloma is twice as common among African Americans than Caucasians.

11. Myeloma Statistics
16,776 people in the United States were diagnosed with myeloma, including 9,240 men and 7,536 women.
10,872 people in the United States died from myeloma, including 5,810 mean and 5,062 women.

12. Breast Cancer
Many conditions can cause lumps in the breast, including cancer.
Two most common causes of breast lumps are fibrocystic breast condition and cysts.
Fibrocystic condition causes noncancerous changes in the breast that can make them lumpy, tender, and sore.
Cysts are small fluid-filled sacs that can develop in the breast.

13. Tumors and Breast Cancer
Sometimes breast cells become abnormal, these cells grow, divide, and create new cells that the body does not need and that do not function normally.
The extra cells form a mass called a tumor. Sometimes tumors are benign or not cancer. These tumors usually stay in one spot in the breast and do not cause big health problems.

14. Tumors and Breast Cancer
Other tumors are malignant and are cancer.
Breast cancer often starts out too small to be felt, as it grows it can spread throughout the breast or to other parts of the body.
The kind of breast cancer depends on which cells in the breast turn into cancer.
Cancer can begin in different parts of the breast, like the ducts or the lobes.

15. Common Types of Breast Cancer
Ductal carcinoma – The most common type of breast cancer. Begins in the cells that line the milk ducts in the breast.
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) – The abnormal cancer cells are only in the lining of the milk ducts, and have not spread to other tissues in the breast.
Invasive ductal carcinoma – The abnormal cancer cells break through the ducts and spread into other parts of the breast tissue. Invasive cancer cells can also spread to other parts of the body.

16. Common Types of Breast Cancer
Lobular Carcinoma – In this kind of breast cancer, the cancer cells begin in the lobes, or the lobules of the breast. (Lobules are the glands that make milk.)
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) – The cancer cells are found only in the breast lobules. Does not spread to other tissues.
Invasive lobular carcinoma – Cancer cells spread from lobules to the breast tissues that are close by. The invasive cancer cells can also spread to other parts of the body.

17. Breast Cancer

18. Fast Facts
The most common cancer in women, no matter your race or ethnicity.
The most common cause of death from cancer among Hispanic women.
The second most common cause of death from cancer among white, black, Asian/Pacific, and American Indian.
In 2007, there were 202,964 women diagnosed with breast cancer. And 40,598 women died from breast cancer.

19. What about us dudes?
Men can get breast cancer. In men, breast cancer can happen at any age, but is most common in men between 60 and 70 years old. Male breast cancer is not very common. For every 100 cases of breast cancer, less than 1 is in men.

20. Risk Factors Getting older.
Being younger when you had your first menstrual period.
Starting menopause at a later age.
Being older at the birth of your first child.
Never giving birth.
Not breastfeeding.
Personal history of breast cancer.
Treatment with radiation therapy to the breast/chest.
Being overweight.
Long term of hormone replacement therapy.
Having changes in the breast cancer-related genes.
Using birth control pills.
Drinking alcohol.
Not getting regular exercise.

21. Prevention – Lowering the Risk of Breast Cancer
Get screened for breast cancer regularly.
Control your weight and exercise.
Know your family history of breast cancer.
Find out the risks and benefits of hormone replacement therapy.
Limit the amount of alcohol you drink.

22. Symptoms of Breast Cancer
New lump in the breast or underarm
Thickening of swelling of part of the breast.
Irritation or dimpling of breast skin.
Redness or flaky skin in the nipple area or breast.
Pulling in of the nipple or pain in the nipple area.
Nipple discharge other than breast milk, including blood.
Any change in the size or the shape of the breast.
Pain in any area of the breast.

23. Screening for Breast Cancer
Mammogram – an X-ray of the breast. Best method of detecting cancer early on.
Clinical breast exam – an examination by a doctor or a nurse, who uses his or her hands to feel for lumps or other changes.
Breast self-exam – when you check your own breast for lumps, changes in size, or any other changes.

24. Treatment of Breast Cancer
Surgery – operation where doctors cut out and remove cancer tissue.
Chemotherapy – using special medicines, or drugs to shrink or kill the cancer. Can be pills or given through an IV tube.
Biological therapy – works with body’s immune system to help fight cancer or control side effects from other cancer treatments.
Radiation – High-energy rays to kill the cancer cells. Rays are pointed in the area where cancer is located.

25. Prostate Cancer The prostate is part of the male reproductive system.
Prostate cancer cells spread to other parts of the body, they are called metastases.

26. Fast Facts Most common cancer in men, no matter race or ethnicity.
2nd most common cause of death from cancer among men
More common in African-American men compared to white men.
In 2007, almost a ¼ of a million men were diagnosed with prostate cancer. 29,000 of them died from prostate cancer.

27. Risk Factors
Age – the older a man is, the greater the chance for getting prostate cancer.
Family history – those with family members who had prostate cancer are two to three times more likely to develop the disease themselves.
Race – more common in some racial and ethnic groups.

28. Symptoms Difficulty starting urination
Weak or interrupted flow of urine
Frequent urination, especially at night
Difficulty emptying the bladder completely
Pain or burning during urination
Blood in the urine or semen
Pain in the back, hips, or pelvis that doesn’t go away
Painful ejaculation

29. Prostate Cancer Digital Rectal Exam
Screening
Treatment
Digital Rectal Exam
Doctor or nurse checks the size of the prostate
Prostate specific antigen test (PSA)
Blood test that measures the level of PSA in the blood
Surgery
Remove the prostate completely
Radiation Therapy
Destroy the cancer cells or prevent them from growing
Hormone Therapy
Drugs, surgery, or other hormones to remove male sex hormones or block them from working
Chemotherapy

30. Skin Cancer Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer in the U.S.
Common types of skin cancer:
Basal Cell
Squamous cell carcinomas
Melanoma – most dangerous, caused by exposure to ultraviolet light (UV)

31. Types of UV rays
Ultraviolet A (UVA) – most common sunlight at the earth’s surface and reaches beyond the top layer of human skin
Ultraviolet B (UVB) – most of these are absorbed by the ozone layer. Less common at earth’s surface
Ultraviolet C (UVC) – very dangerous, but do not reach the ground due to the ozone layer

32. Risk Factors for Skin Cancer
Lighter natural skin color
Family history
Exposure to the sun through work and play
A history of sunburns early in life
Indoor tanning
Skin that burns, freckles, reddens easily, or becomes painful in the sun
Blue or green eyes
Blond or red hair
Certain types and a large number of moles

33. Prevention for Skin Cancer
Protection is important year around
Seek shade
Wear clothing to help cover up
Wear a hat
Sunglasses
Sunscreen

34. Lung Cancer
Cancer that begins in the lungs and can spread to other organs. When it spreads from one organ to another it is called metastases.
Risk Factors
Smoking
Things around the house (radon gas or asbestos)
Personal traits

35. Lung Cancer
In the United States, about 90% of lung cancer deaths in men and almost 80% of lung cancer deaths in women are due to smoking. People who smoke are 10 to 20 times more likely to get lung cancer or die from lung cancer than people who do not smoke.

36. Symptoms of Lung Cancer
Shortness of breath
Coughing that doesn’t go away
Wheezing
Coughing up Blood
Chest Pain
Other changes that can sometimes occur with lung cancer may include repeated bouts of pneumonia and swollen or enlarged lymph nodes in the chest area

37. Lung Cancer Prevention Screening Don’t Smoke! Avoid Secondhand smoke
Make your home or workplace safer
Eat lots of fruits and vegetables
Screening
Chest X-rays
2. Sputum cytology
3. Spiral CT scans of the lungs

38. New Treatments

39. Side Effects of Chemotherapy
Anemia
Appetite Changes
Bleeding
Constipation
Diarrhea
Fatigue
Flu-like symptoms
Fluid Retention
Hair Loss
Infection
Infertility
Mouth and throat changes
Nausea and vomiting
Nervous System changes
Pain
Sexual changes
Skin and nail changes
Eye changes
Urinary, kidney, and bladder changes

40. Nervous System and Chemotherapy
Tingling, burning, weakness, or numbness in your hands or feet
Feeling colder than normal
Pain when walking
Weak, sore, tired, or achy muscles
Being clumsy and losing your balance
Trouble picking up objects or buttoning your clothes
Shaking or trembling
Hearing loss
Stomach pain, such as constipation or heartburn
Fatigue
Confusion and memory problems
Dizziness
Depression