1. The moon An intensive look at the biggest satellite orbiting the earth

2. General Information The moon is a satellite because it orbits the Earth The moon is a satellite because it orbits the Earth Force of gravity is lighter, due to the fact that it is a lighter body than the earth Force of gravity is lighter, due to the fact that it is a lighter body than the earth 6:1 ratio – if you weigh 120lb on earth, you only weigh 20 lbs on the moon6:1 ratio – if you weigh 120lb on earth, you only weigh 20 lbs on the moon No atmosphere No atmosphere Temperature range from 134-170 Temperature range from 134-170 Orbits every 29.5 days Orbits every 29.5 days

3. Lunar Surface Light and dark patches Light and dark patches Dark areas are known as “maria” mar= sea in Latin Dark areas are known as “maria” mar= sea in Latin Space Scientists used to think they were seasSpace Scientists used to think they were seas Now they know it is dark solidified lavaNow they know it is dark solidified lava Long, deep channels – known as Rilles Long, deep channels – known as Rilles

4. Lunar Surface continued Lunar Highlands- light areas of moon; contain 2 types of rocks Lunar Highlands- light areas of moon; contain 2 types of rocks Regolith- lunar soil (loose rock) formed from smashing meteoroids (celestial body range of size). Regolith- lunar soil (loose rock) formed from smashing meteoroids (celestial body range of size).

6. Craters Most formed 4 billion years ago Most formed 4 billion years ago Caused by meteors Caused by meteors Debris known as rays Debris known as rays Earth is believed to once have craters similar to those on the moon Earth is believed to once have craters similar to those on the moon

8. Lunar orbit and rotation The orbit of the moon around the earth forms an ellipse, not a circle The orbit of the moon around the earth forms an ellipse, not a circle Distance of moon to earth variesDistance of moon to earth varies When the moon is farthest – it is Apogee When the moon is farthest – it is Apogee When the moon is closest – it is Perigee When the moon is closest – it is Perigee Same side of the moon is always facing us. Same side of the moon is always facing us.

9. Why do we only see the same side of the moon “Tidal forces between Earth and the Moon have slowed the moon's rotation so that the same side is always facing the Earth. The other face, which is never visible from the Earth in its entirety (18% is seen, see Tidal locking), is therefore called the "far side of the Moon".” “Tidal forces between Earth and the Moon have slowed the moon's rotation so that the same side is always facing the Earth. The other face, which is never visible from the Earth in its entirety (18% is seen, see Tidal locking), is therefore called the "far side of the Moon".”Tidal forcesEarthTidal lockingTidal forcesEarthTidal locking

10. Eclipses Occurs when one planetary body passes through the shadow of another Occurs when one planetary body passes through the shadow of another Shadow of any solid object has 2 parts: Shadow of any solid object has 2 parts: Umbra- sunlight completely blocked (inner-cone shaped)Umbra- sunlight completely blocked (inner-cone shaped) Penumbra- sunlight partially blockedPenumbra- sunlight partially blocked

11. Lunar Eclipses Lunar Eclipse – when the earth is positioned between the moon and the sun, and the earth’s shadow crosses the lighted half of the moon (fully in Earth’s umbra) Lunar Eclipse – when the earth is positioned between the moon and the sun, and the earth’s shadow crosses the lighted half of the moon (fully in Earth’s umbra) Partial lunar eclipse- moon only partly in earth’s umbra Partial lunar eclipse- moon only partly in earth’s umbra Total lunar eclipse- moon fully in earth’s umbra Total lunar eclipse- moon fully in earth’s umbra

12. Lunar Eclipse

14. Solar eclipses Solar Eclipse – when the shadow of the moon falls on the earth, occurs only at the new moon phase. Moon’s small umbra makes it rare. Solar Eclipse – when the shadow of the moon falls on the earth, occurs only at the new moon phase. Moon’s small umbra makes it rare. Annular solar eclipse- occurs at apogee (moon farthest), umbra falls short, we see the outermost circle of sun. Annular solar eclipse- occurs at apogee (moon farthest), umbra falls short, we see the outermost circle of sun. Total solar eclipse- moon at perigee, umbra reaches earth, completely blocks out sun. Total solar eclipse- moon at perigee, umbra reaches earth, completely blocks out sun.

15. Annular Solar Eclipse

16. Total Solar Eclipse

17. Moon phases New Moon New Moon Waxing crescent Waxing crescent First Quarter First Quarter Waxing gibbous Waxing gibbous Full Moon Full Moon Waning gibbous Waning gibbous Last Quarter Last Quarter Waning crescent Waning crescent

18. Waxing When the size of the visible portion of the moon is increasing When the size of the visible portion of the moon is increasing

19. New Moon No lighted area of the moon No lighted area of the moon

20. Waxing (New) Crescent Only a sliver of the moon is visible on the right. Only a sliver of the moon is visible on the right.

21. First Quarter (Half Moon) Only a quarter ( we see it as half) of the moon is visible from the right. Only a quarter ( we see it as half) of the moon is visible from the right.

22. Waxing Gibbous More than half, but less than full of the moon is visible from the right. (3/4 visible) More than half, but less than full of the moon is visible from the right. (3/4 visible) Last phase before full moon. Last phase before full moon.

23. Waning The portion of the moon visible from earth is decreasing The portion of the moon visible from earth is decreasing

24. Full Moon When the moon appears in full circle When the moon appears in full circle The earth is between the sun and the moon The earth is between the sun and the moon

25. Waning Gibbous More than half, but less than full of the moon is visible from the left. (3/4 visible) More than half, but less than full of the moon is visible from the left. (3/4 visible)

26. Last Quarter Only a quarter ( we see it as half) of the moon is visible from the left. Only a quarter ( we see it as half) of the moon is visible from the left.

27. Waning (Old) Crescent Only a sliver of the moon is visible from the left. Only a sliver of the moon is visible from the left. Last phase before New moon appears again. Last phase before New moon appears again.