1. The Market Revolution

2. A. Industrialization

3. Rise of the factory system
Most profound movement of early 19th c.
Take a raw material and turn it into a finished product all in one place
Industrialization began in earnest because of Embargos & War
Samuel Slater
Father of the Factory System
Emigrated in 1791
Brought designs
from England

4. Interchangeable parts
Allowed for mass production of high quality goods
Invented by Eli Whitney in 1798
First used for Rifles
Eli Whitney’s Gun Factory

5. The Textile Industry Began the IR in the U.S.
Ideas for machines smuggled out of England
1st major factory was owned by the Boston Associates in Waltham, MA
Run by Francis Cabot Lowell
1st all in one factory
Spun, wove, dyed, & printed
1823 – Lowell, MA established
Early Textile Loom

6. New England was the industrial center
Soil made farming difficult
Dense population for labor and markets
Shipping and seaports for transportation of raw materials and finished goods
Rivers provided an early power source

7. Resourcefulness & Experimentation
Americans were willing to try anything
They were first copiers, then innovators
Stole England’s ideas, then developed their own
1800  41 patents were approved
1860  4,357 patents were approved

8. First prototype of the locomotive
Oliver Evans
First automated flour mill
First prototype of the locomotive

9. Cyrus McCormick & the Mechanical Reaper: 1831

10. Samuel F. B. Morse
1840 – Telegraph

11. Elias Howe & Isaac Singer
1840s Sewing Machine

12. Growth of Cities Urbanization occurred 1860: 150 cities
people looking for jobs in factories
1820: only 12 cities with a pop. over 5,000
1860: 150 cities
1860: 6 million people lived in urban areas

13. Developments in the 1820’s & 1830’s
Protective Tariffs
As more industries develop → more tariffs are created to protect them from competition
Transportation Revolution
improvement in the distribution of goods
Emergence of new general incorporation laws
Makes it easier to start a business

14. Favorable Supreme Court Decisions
Fletcher v. Peck (1810)
Secured contracts
Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)
Government could not alter contracts/charters
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
Fed. Government ONLY can control interstate trade
Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837)
Monopolies are illegal

15. Changing Occupation Distributions: 1820 - 1860

16. Regional Specialization
Northeast → Industrial
1860: had 81% of country’s industrial capacity
Most populous region
West → Agriculture
Country’s Breadbasket
South → Cash Crops
Does not industrialize b/c capital is tied up in slavery
Political Implications:
West and NE tied together
South is isolated

17. B. Labor

18. Effects on slavery in the South
Textile mills had a high demand for cotton
Increased Southern reliance on slavery

19. Factory Workers Wages: paid per hour not on the product they produced
By % of the population were “wage slaves”
Working conditions were atrocious:
Low wages, few breaks & long hours
Poor lighting & ventilation, unsanitary conditions
Dangerous machinery
Exploitation of child workers

20. Labor Unions Labor Unions are against the law
Seen as conspiracies
Dozens of strikes erupted during the 1830’s & 1840’s
Most lost
Union membership grew to 300,000 by 1830
Panics will hurt union numbers
Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842): MA Supreme Court
Ruled that unions are not conspiracies
Union influence very limited until after the Civil War

21. Women and the Economy
Women found employment in factories BEFORE they married
The Lowell System:
Offered chaperoned boarding houses to young female workers
Factory jobs were scarce
Main jobs were nursing, domestic service, and teaching

22. C. Transportation

23. Turnpikes Turnpikes = Paved Toll Roads
1832: U.S. had 2,400 miles of road
“Shunpikes”
People did not want to pay the toll
Built detours around toll booths

24. Cumberland (National Road), 1811-1839
Cumberland Road (National Road) completed in 1839
Became vital highway to the west

25. Steamboat Developed by Robert Fulton
1807: sailed the Clermont up the Hudson River
Importance: 2 way transportation on rivers
Increased speed & decreased cost

26. Canals Erie Canal was 1st major canal built
Began in 1817 – completed in 1825
Gov. DeWitt Clinton approved financing
Dropped shipping costs from $100 to $5 from Buffalo to NYC
Dropped shipping time from 20 days to 6

27. Erie Canal System

28. Canal building began in earnest after Erie
By 1837 over 3,000 miles of canals built
NY Harbor becomes more important than New Orleans

30. Iron Horse Most important transportation improvement was the Railroad
Fast, reliable, easy to construct, didn’t freeze in the winter
1830: 1st RR built by the Baltimore & Ohio Company (B&O)
By 1860: 31,000 miles of RR lines
¾ of the RR lines in the North

31. The Railroad Revolution
Immigrant labor built the No. RRs.
Slave labor built the So. RRs.

32. Inland Freight Rates

33. Conestoga Covered Wagons
Westward Ho!
New transportation will open the West
Between million people cross the Appalachian mountains
Conestoga Covered Wagons

34. D. Immigration

35. Immigration No records kept until 1820 1820 → 8,385 1830 → 23, 322
1854→ 430,000
Industries welcomed
immigrants
Needed workers
Without them, IR would have been impossible
Immigrants settled in ethnic neighborhoods

36. National Origin of Immigrants: 1820 - 1860

37. Irish Immigrants Large numbers began to immigrate in the 1840’s
To settle Canada, Britain offered a reduced passage (100 shillings → 5shillings)
Irish took advantage of it, but hated the British so came to the U.S.
: Potato Famine
Over 1.5 million emigrated to the U.S
Arrived in NYC, Boston, Philadelphia, & Baltimore
Destitute: stayed in cities because they could not move west
In Boston – ran into problems
Highly educated, Puritan Bostonians did not like the illiterate Irish Catholic peasants
Hung signs “No Irish Need Apply”
Later hatred towards Irish common in all cities

38. German Immigrants
Large numbers began to emigrate in the early 1850’s because of political & economic instability
Weren’t as poor as the Irish
Settled mainly in the West in German enclaves

39. Nativist Reaction Not happy about the Irish
Created a political party to show their anti-Catholic beliefs
Know-Nothing Party
Believed Catholics in office took orders straight from the Pope and that the Irish were creating violent cities