1. Anatomy & Physiology
Anatomy – studies the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another
Physiology – function of the body’s structural machinery or how all the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities

2. Topics in Anatomy
Gross anatomy - study of large body structures visible to the naked eye
EX: heart, kidneys, etc
Regional anatomy – all the structures in one particular region of body
Systemic – the gross anatomy is studied system by system
Surface anatomy – the study of internal body structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface

3. Topics in Anatomy – cont’d
Microscopic anatomy – structures too small to be seen with the naked eye
Cytology – study of the cells of the body
Histology – study of the body tissue
Developmental anatomy – traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span

5. Levels of structural organization
1. Chemical level – atoms combine to form molecules like water, sugar, and proteins
2. Cells – All cells have some common functions, but only certain cell types form certain tissue

6. Levels of structural organization
3. Tissue level – groups of cells that have a common function
4 basic types
Epithelium
Muscle
Connective
Nervous

7. Levels of structural organization
4. Organ – composed of at least 2 tissue types
Extremely complex functions become possible

8. Levels of structural organization
5. Organ system – organs that work closely with one another to accomplish a common purpose
11 organ systems

10. Levels of structural organization
6. Organism level – sum of all structural levels working together to promote life

11. Necessary Life Functions
Maintaining boundaries – every living organism must have a boundary different from the inside and the outside of the body
The external boundaries protect the internal body
Movement or contractibility – occurs when substances such as blood, foodstuffs, and urine are propelled through internal organs

12. Necessary Life Functions
Responsiveness – aka irritability – ability to sense changes to the environment and then respond to them
Digestion – process of breaking down ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood

13. Necessary Life Functions
Metabolism – includes all chemical reactions that occur within body cells
Catabolism – breaking substances down
Anabolism – synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler substances
Excretion – process of removing waste from the body

14. Necessary Life Functions
Reproduction – responsible for producing offspring
Growth – increase in the size of a body part or the organism
Usually by increasing the number of cell

15. Survival needs
1. Nutrients – contain the chemical substances used for energy and cell building
2. Oxygen – needed for the respiratory and cardiovascular systems
3. Water – accounts for 60% to 80% of body weight
Provides the environment necessary for chemical reactions and fluid base for body secretions and excretions

16. Survival needs 4. Normal body temperature
Too low – metabolic reactions become slower and slower until they stop
Too high – chemical reactions occur at such a fast rate that body proteins lose their shape and stop functioning
5. Atmospheric pressure – force that air exerts on the surface of the body

17. Homeostasis
The ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously
Our body is dynamic - Very complex
The state of equilibrium varies, but always within relatively narrow limits

18. Homeostasis – 3 components
1. Receptor – some type of sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes by sending information to the control center
2. Control center – determines the set point at which a variable is to be maintained, analyzes the input and determines the response

19. Homeostasis – 3 components
3. Effector – response of the feedback to influence the stimulus, either causing it to be depressed or stimulate it so it goes faster

20. Negative Feedback mechanism
The output of the system shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity
Similar to the heating system in a house
Withdrawal reflex – cut or burning
Glucose levels

21. Positive Feedback Mechanism
Results or response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus so that the activity is accelerated
Likely to race out of control so they are rarely used to promote the moment to moment well-being of the body
EX: blood-clotting and labor contraction
P. 13

22. Homeostatic Imbalance
As we age, our body’s control systems become less efficient and our internal environment becomes less and less stable
This increases our risk of for illness

23. Anatomical positions and Directional Terms
Anatomical position – body is erect with feet only slightly apart and palms facing forward with the thumbs pointing away from the body

24. Anatomical positions and Directional Terms
Directional terms – explain exactly where one body structure is in relation to another
The terms are found on page 16

25. Regional Terms 2 divisions of the body
Axial part – makes up the main axis of our body and includes the head, neck, and trunk
Appendicular part – consists of the appendages that are attached to the body’s axis

26. Body cavities and membranes
Dorsal cavity – protects the nervous system organs
Cranial cavity – skull
Vertebral or spinal cavity which protects the spinal cord
Ventral cavity –
Thoracic cavity – surrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest
Abdominopelvic cavity – includes the diaphragm and the abdominal and pelvic cavities

27. Homeostatic Imbalance
P. 19
What organs are most damaged in a vehicle accident?

28. Membranes in the Ventral cavity
Serous membrane – thin, double-layered membrane that covers the walls of the ventral cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs
Serous fluid – fluid found in between the 2 layers of the serous membrane
Parietal membrane – part of the membrane lining the cavity walls

29. Other body cavities 1. Oral and digestive cavities – organs??
2. Nasal cavity – part of the respiratory system
3. Orbital cavities – house the eyes
4. Middle ear cavity
5. Synovial cavity – joint cavities that surround freely movable joints like the knee and shoulder

30. Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants