1. 1 Levels of Organization Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology Unit
Frederic H. Martini
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Professor Albia Dugger, Miami–Dade College, Miami, FL
Professor Robert R. Speed, Ph.D., Wallace Community College, Dothan, AL
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

2. Chapter 1: An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

3. What is anatomy and physiology?

4. Anatomy Describes the structures of the body: what they are made of
where they are located
associated structures

5. Physiology Is the study of: functions of anatomical structures
individual and cooperative functions

6. KEY CONCEPT
All physiological functions are performed by specific anatomical structures
These functions follow standard physical and mechanical principles

7. What do anatomists and physiologists do?

8. Specialties of Anatomy (1 of 3)
Gross anatomy, or macroscopic anatomy examines large, visible structures:
surface anatomy:
exterior features
regional anatomy:
body areas

9. Specialties of Anatomy (2 of 3)
systemic anatomy:
groups of organs working together
developmental anatomy:
from egg (embryology) to maturity
clinical anatomy:
medical specialties

10. Specialties of Anatomy (3 of 3)
Microscopic anatomy examines cells and molecules:
cytology:
cells and their structures
cyt = cell
histology:
tissues and their structures

11. Specialties of Physiology
Cell physiology:
processes within and between cells
Special physiology:
functions of specific organs
Systemic physiology:
functions of an organ system
Pathological physiology:
effects of diseases

12. How are living things organized?

13. From Simple to Complex (1 of 3)
Atoms:
are the smallest chemical units
Molecules:
are a group of atoms working together
Organelles:
are a group of molecules working together

14. From Simple to Complex (2 of 3)
Cells:
are a group of organelles working together
Tissues:
are a group of similar cells working together
Organs:
are a group of different tissues working together

15. From Simple to Complex (3 of 2)
Organ systems:
are a group of organs working together
Organism:
is an individual

16. Organizing a Muscle Protein molecules (chemical level)
Protein filaments (organelle level)
Muscle cells (cellular level)
Cardiac muscle tissue (tissue level)
Heart (organ level)
PLAY
Levels of Organization

17. The 11 Organ Systems
PLAY
Organ Systems

18. KEY CONCEPT The body is divided into 11 organ systems
All organ systems work together
Many organs work in more than 1 organ system

19. KEY CONCEPT
Homeostasis: All body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment
Systems respond to external and internal changes to function within a normal range (body temperature, fluid balance)

20. KEY CONCEPT
Failure to function within a normal range results in disease

21. Mechanisms of Regulation
Autoregulation (intrinsic):
automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ
Extrinsic regulation:
responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems

22. Maintaining Normal Limits
Figure 1–3

23. Maintaining Normal Limits
Receptor:
receives the stimulus
Control center:
processes the signal and sends instructions
Effector:
carries out instructions

24. Negative Feedback The response of the effector negates the stimulus
Figure 1–4

25. Positive Feedback The response of the effector reinforces the stimulus
Figure 1–5

26. Working Together
Table 1–1

27. Working Together Systems integration:
systems work together to maintain homeostasis

28. KEY CONCEPT Homeostasis is a state of equilibrium:
opposing forces are in balance
Physiological systems work to restore balance
Failure results in disease or death

29. What are the anatomical terms used to describe body sections, regions, and relative positions?

30. Anatomical Landmarks
Figure 1–6

31. Anatomical Landmarks Superficial characteristics: surface parts: names
adjectives

32. KEY CONCEPT Anatomical position: Supine: Prone:
hands at sides, palms forward
Supine:
lying down, face up
Prone:
lying down, face down

33. Quadrants and Regions (1 of 3)
4 abdominopelvic quadrants around umbilicus
Figure 1–7a

34. Quadrants and Regions (2 of 3)
9 abdominopelvic regions
Figure 1–7b

35. Quadrants and Regions (3 of 3)
Internal organs associated with abdominopelvic regions
Figure 1–7c

36. Which Direction?
Figure 1–8

37. Which Direction? Lateral: Frontal: Anatomical direction: side view
front view
Anatomical direction:
refers to the patient’s left or right

38. 3 Dimensions
Figure 1–9

39. 3 Dimensions Plane: Section: a 3-dimensional axis
a slice parallel to a plane

40. What are the major body cavities and their subdivisions?

41. The Ventral Body Cavity
Coelom:
divided by the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity
Figure 1–10a

42. Isolating the Organs Serous membranes:
consist of parietal layer and visceral layer
Figure 1–10b

43. Dividing the Cavities Thoracic cavity:
divided by the mediastinum into 2 pleural cavities
Figure 1–10c

44. SUMMARY Structure and function in anatomy and physiology
Vocabulary and anatomical terms
Levels of physical organization
Homeostasis and feedback
Systems integration and equilibrium
Dividing and describing the body
Locations and functions of major organ systems