1. POWERPOINT ® LECTURE SLIDE PRESENTATION by ZARA OAKES, MS, The University of Texas at Austin Additional text by Jessica Padilla exclusive for physiology at ECC Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AN INTEGRATED APPROACH FOURTH EDITION DEE UNGLAUB SILVERTHORN UNIT 1 1 Introduction to Physiology

2. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 2. Levels of Organization  Physiology defined  Study of the functions and processes of living organisms- as seen under normal conditions. This is different from anatomy since it is the study of structure.  Organization of life  The cell is the unit of life  Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms

3. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 3. Levels of Organization Figure 1-1

4. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 4. Organ Systems in Review  Integumentary- Skin, hair, nails. 7 functions main one is protection.  Musculoskeletal- Muscle and bone- main functions is movement and protection.  Respiratory - Lungs and respiratory tract- main function is gas exchange  Digestive- GI tract and accessory organs- main function is digestion to provide nutrion.  Reproductive and Urinary- genitals (primary and accessory) and urinary organs- main function is reproduction and excretion  Circulatory -Heart, blood vessels, blood. Main function is to deliver components needed by living cells and collect waste.  Nervous and Endocrine- Brain, nerves, and glands. Main function is to control body functions, responses, and information management.  Immune- white blood cells, lymphatic system, and other organs belonging to systems listed above. Main function is to protect the body from infection and promote healing.

5. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1-2 5. Organ Systems in Review The integration between systems of the body (immune system not shown)

6. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 6. Function versus Process  Function explains the “why”  Teleological approach- explains to you the functions. This approach can be used to relate different systems.  Process or mechanism describes the “how”  Mechanistic approach-explains the processes of how things work but doesn’t give a reason why. Incorporates principles of physics, chemistry, and biology.  Physiology integrates function and process.  Red blood cell example  Why do we have red blood cells?  How do red blood cells do this?

7. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 7. Homeostasis (“a relatively constant environment”)  Environmental balance- despite the changes in the external environment the body is able to maintain a constant internal environment. Example- water balance  External- temperature, humidity, and other environmental factors affect our internal environment.  Internal- body temperature, hydration, pH balance, CO2/O2 levels and more are internal components that must be stable for cells to function properly.  Cell  Intracellular fluid- found inside the cells- it directly affects cell organelles.  Extracellular fluid- surrounds cells and serves as a buffer zone and changes as a result of overall body conditions.

8. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 8. Factors Homeostatically Regulated  Concentration of nutrient molecules- nutrient molecules are used by the cell to produce energy  Concentration of O 2 and CO2- oxygen is needed to produce energy. Carbon dioxide is a waste product of this process and must be removed to maintain pH  Concentration of waste products- accumulation of waste products causes toxic effects  pH- appropriate pH levels are required for proper nerve cell and enzyme function in the body.  Concetration of water, salt, and other electrolyte- regulation is essential for maintaining proper cell volume and function  Volume and Pressure- ultimately affect plasma levels needed for linking intra- & extracellular environments  Temperature- a narrow range allows for proper function to prevent slow down or impairment of protein function

9. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1-3 9. Homeostasis Relationships between an organism’s internal and external environments Protective cells allow for less diffusion than exchange cells do. Movement of intra- and extra cellular fluid happens at equal rates

10. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 10. Homeostasis and Controls  External or internal change- Because extracellular fluid influences the internal cell environment it must remain within the narrow range of normal values.  Physiological attempt to correct- when the normal ranges for extracellular fluid are not met compensatory mechanisms help to restore conditions.  Sensors, integrating center- certain organs in the body monitor internal conditions.  Response of cells and organs- a disruption of homeostasis triggers compensatory mechanism- example: thrist.  Loss of homeostasis- inability to restore a normal range environment.

11. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Homeostasis and Controls  Successful compensation- discontinues triggered reponses,  Homeostasis reestablished- normal function is restored.  Failure to compensate  Pathophysiology- functioning under a state of disease  Illness- a pathological condition that may result from external or internal failure of normal processes  Death- occurs when homeostasis fails and cell life cannot be sustained.

12. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1-4 Homeostasis and Controls

13. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Themes in Physiology  Homeostasis and control systems – process that maintain a stable environment using signals and a controller.  Biological energy - used for processes like transport and metabolism  Structure-function relationships  Molecular interactions – abilities of individual molecules to interact with each other greatly influences biological functions.  Compartmentation- uses boundaries or concentrated areas to promote specialization of a process.  Mechanical properties – cells have specific characteristics that facilitate function like elasticity, pumps, etc.  Communication- the flow of information through chemical and electrical signals. These themes will appear throughout the units and chapters.

14. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Scientific Method  A series of procedures used by scientist to explain and observation.  The explanation may lead to the formation of a theory or law  The steps of the scientific method may be followed in different order must commonly it is presented as follows.

15. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Scientific Method

16. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The scientific method  Observation – recognizing something has occurred  As one observes events there may be something that spikes your curiosity. You want to understand how or why it happens.  Question Formation – relates to observation  You create a question the reflects the observation and interest.  Research- exploration of alternative resources  You look up information gathered on the subject you are exploring. It may be previous research or well stablished information.  Hypothesis – possible explanation/answer to question. Educated guess.  After research and learning more you make an educated guess to explain your observation. This will be tested through experimentation.

17. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The scientific method  Experimentation- testing the hypothesis through experiment a.Experimental group vs. Control group -both groups are tested in identical conditions. They vary by only one variable- it is the factor that you think influences an outcome that either supports or rejects the hypothesis. b. Independent variable vs. Dependent variable - variables not -variables influenced by affected by others change in others c. Valid and reliable results - if multiple test give the same results and there are enough subjects or sample for results to be statistically supported, then results are valid and reliable.

18. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Scientific Method  Agree with or create laws and theory  Scientific Law- uniform or constant feature of nature describing what happens in nature  Theory- widely accepted, plausible generalization about fundamental concepts in science that is supported by many experiments and explains why things happen in nature.  Conclusion and communication  You decide whether the results support or reject the hypothesis and share it with the scientific community  a. Inductive reasoning vs. deductive reasoning  Inductive- draw a conclusion from the sum of multiple results  Deductive- draw a conclusion after excluding mulitple possibilities

19. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Summary  Organ systems  Structures and functions  Homeostatic balance  Integrative science  Four key themes  Scientific Method