1. INSTRUCTOR: DR. RYAN LAMBERT-BELLACOV, D.C.

2. Overview of the course  Syllabus

3. Fundamentals of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2006 Delmar Second Edition Donald Rizzo Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation

4. The Human Body – An Orientation Slide 1.1 Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function [characteristics and mechanisms that make it a living being.]

5. Anatomy – Levels of Study Slide 1.2a Gross Anatomy Large structures Easily observable Figure 1.1

6. Anatomy – Levels of Study Slide 1.2b Very small structures Can only be viewed with a microscope Figure 14.4

7. Levels of Structural Organization Slide 1.3 Figure 1.1

8. How to study Anatomy! Regional – all structures in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg) – gross anatomy of the body studied by system (most common and the way we will approach this class) Surface – study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin

9. Organ System Overview Slide 1.4 Integumentary/Skin Forms the external body covering providing protection Composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails Synthesizes vitamin D Location of cutaneous nerve receptors Figure 1.2a

10. Organ System Overview Slide 1.5 Skeletal Protects and supports body organs Provides muscle attachment for movement Site of blood cell formation Stores minerals Figure 1.2b

11. Organ System Overview Slide 1.6 Muscular Allows locomotion Maintains posture Produces heat Figure 1.2c

12. Organ System Overview Slide 1.7 Nervous Fast-acting control system Responds to internal and external change Activates muscles and glands Figure 1.2d

13. Organ System Overview Slide 1.8 Copyright © 2006 Delmar edited by Ryan Lambert-Bellacov Endocrine Secretes regulatory hormones Growth Reproduction Metabolism Figure 1.2e

14. Organ System Overview Slide 1.9 Cardiovascular Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients Wastes Figure 1.2f

15. Organ System Overview Slide 1.10 * Returns fluids to blood vessels Disposes of debris Involved in immunity Figure 1.2g

16. Organ System Overview Slide 1.11 Copyright © 2006 Delmar edited by Ryan Lambert-Bellacov Respiratory Keeps blood supplied with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide Figure 1.2h

17. Organ System Overview Slide 1.12 Copyright © 2006 Delmar edited by Ryan Lambert-Bellacov Digestive Breaks down food Allows for nutrient absorption into blood Eliminates indigestible material Figure 1.2i

18. Organ System Overview Slide 1.13 Urinary Eliminates nitrogenous wastes Maintains acid – base balance Regulation of materials Water Electrolytes Figure 1.2j

19. Organ System Overview Slide 1.14 Copyright © 2006 Delmar edited by Ryan Lambert-Bellacov Reproductive Production of offspring Figure 1.2k

20. The Language of Anatomy Slide 1.21 Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding Exact terms are used for: Position Direction Regions Structures

21. Orientation and Directional Terms Slide 1.22 Table 1.1

22. Orientation and Directional Terms Slide 1.23 Table 1.1 (cont)

23. Body Landmarks Slide 1.24 Copyright © 2006 Delmar edited by Ryan Lambert-Bellacov Anterior Figure 1.5a

24. Body Landmarks Slide 1.25 Copyright © 2006 Delmar edited by Ryan Lambert-Bellacov Posterior Figure 1.5b

25. Body Planes Slide 1.26 Copyright © 2006 Delmar edited by Ryan Lambert-Bellacov Figure 1.6

26. Body Cavities Slide 1.27 Figure 1.7

27. Necessary Life Functions Slide 1.15 Maintain Boundaries Movement Locomotion Movement of substances Responsiveness Ability to sense changes and react Digestion Break-down and delivery of nutrients

28. Necessary Life Functions Slide 1.16a Metabolism – chemical reactions within the body Production of energy Making body structures Excretion Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions

29. Necessary Life Functions Slide 1.16b Reproduction Production of future generation Growth Increasing of cell size and number

30. Survival Needs Slide 1.17a Copyright © 2006 Delmar edited by Ryan Lambert-Bellacov Nutrients Chemicals for energy and cell building Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals Oxygen Required for chemical reactions

31. Survival Needs Slide 1.17b Copyright © 2006 Delmar edited by Ryan Lambert-Bellacov Water 60–80% of body weight Provides for metabolic reaction Stable body temperature Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate

32. Homeostasis Slide 1.18 Copyright © 2006 Delmar edited by Ryan Lambert-Bellacov Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

33. Maintaining Homeostasis Slide 1.19a The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems Receptor Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli) Sends information to control center

34. Maintaining Homeostasis Slide 1.19b Copyright © 2006 Delmar edited by Ryan Lambert-Bellacov Control center Determines set point Analyzes information Determines appropriate response Effector Provides a means for response to the stimulus

36. Feedback Mechanisms Slide 1.20a Copyright © 2006 Delmar edited by Ryan Lambert-Bellacov Negative feedback Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity Works like a household thermostat

37. Feedback Mechanisms Positive Feedback Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther In the body this occurs only in blood clotting and child birth

38. Performance Objectives continued Describe the levels of organization of the body and give major characteristics of each level. List the organ systems. Define homeostasis and explain why it is important. Describe the negative-feedback system and the positive-feedback system and their relationship to homeostasis.

39. Performance Objectives continued Name and describe the three major planes of the body or organ. Hint: Begin to study material now! Get help soon – if you need it! We want you to be successful!