1. INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

2. DEFINITIONS Anatomy “to cut apart” Study of Bodily Structure Includes:
Systemic or Regional
Gross or Microscopic
Developmental
Imaging
Systemic – study of anatomy by organ systems
Regional – study of anatomy by bodily regions (e.g. head & neck for dentristy)

3. MRI/MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING showing a stroke (whitish area is blood that has leaked into surrounding tissue)
MRI maps the distribution of hydrogen so is good for imaging soft tissues that contain a lot of water/blood

4. DEFINITIONS continued
Physiology
“study of nature”
Study of Bodily Function
Includes:
Cell Physiology
Pathophysiology
Immunology
Exercise Physiology

6. LEVELS OF structural ORGANIZATION
Chemical
Atoms, Molecules
Cellular
Organelles, Cells
Tissue
Groups of Cells
Organ
2 or more tissue types
Specific functions
Recognizable shape
Atoms interact & can combine to form molecules
Molecules form organelles (e.g.
Similar cells and surrounding materials make up tissues
2 or more different tissues combine to form organs
Organ systems are groups of organs with common function(s)

8. LEVELS OF structural ORGANIZATION continued
System
Groups of organs with common functions
11 organ systems
Organismal
Highest level
All parts of organism

10. 11 Organ Systems
Integumentary – external body covering; protection & sensation
Skeletal – internal support; protection
Muscular - movement
Nervous – fast-acting control system
Endocrine – hormonal control; secreted by glands

12. 11 Organ Systems Cardiovascular – Transports via circulating blood
Lymphatic – Returns fluid leaked from blood; immune defense
Respiratory – exchanges gases (O2 & CO2) with environment
Digestive –Breakdown & absorption of food; elimination of undigestable food

15. 11 Organ Systems
Urinary – Removes most metabolic wastes from the blood as urine
Reproductive – produces offspring

17. HOMEOSTASIS Homeostasis
Maintaining a relatively stable internal environment, regardless of external conditions.
Allows changes within narrow limits.
“Dynamic Equilibrium”
Regulated by feedback mechanisms

18. This represents the dynamics of a Negative Feedback system

19. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
3 Components
Receptor – detects changes
Control Center – to determine set point (normal) and appropriate response to deviations
Effector – responds to change
Set points vary between individuals and can be changed. Sensory cells or nerves or endocrine glands frequently act as receptors. Effectors are organs like muscles or glands. Might introduce afferent and efferent here. E.G. skin: receptors in skin & blood vessels monitor temperature; hypothalamus is the control center; skeletal muscles are an effector generating more heat through shivering. May want to intro intrinsic vs extrinsic control.

20. Negative Feedback - Control of Room Temperature

21. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Negative Feedback System
Common
Reverses Change
Results in Fluctuations about Set Point
e.g. control of body temperature
Positive Feedback System
Rare
Change is increased
May be Harmful (induced by pathogens)
e.g. lactation, blood clot formation
Positive feedback example: nursing (milk availability encourages suckling, nipple stimulation causes additional release of oxytocin, oxytocin increases milk availability

22. Positive Feedback – Blood Clot Formation

23. TERMINOLOGY Anatomical Position Erect Stance, Palms Forward
Directional Terms
Explain Relative Location of Body Parts
Many Paired Opposites
Regional Terms
Refer to Specific Body Parts, Regions
Divided into Anterior & Posterior Landmarks
All directional terms refer to the body in anatomical position & are used to describe the position of structures in relation to other structures.

24. Directional Terms
Cephalic & caudal

25. Regional Terms

27. TERMINOLOGY continued
Body Planes & Sections
Frontal (Coronal)
Vertical, Divides into Anterior & Posterior
Transverse
Horizontal, Divides into Superior & Inferior
Sagittal (Para- & Mid-)
Vertical, Divides into Right & Left
Oblique
Diagonal, Between Vertical & Horizontal
Planes are imaginary flat surfaces; first 3 are at right angles to one another

30. TERMINOLOGY continued
Body Cavities (Protect & Allow for Growth/Change)
Dorsal & Ventral form during embryological development
Dorsal
Cranial - Brain
Spinal or Vertebral – Spinal Cord
Body cavities are spaces in the body that contain internal organs. The dorsal & ventral cavities are the major cavities that do not open directly to outside the body (closed cavities).

33. BODY CAVITIES continued
Ventral
Thoracic
Pleural - Lungs
Mediastinal – Trachea, esophagus, thymus; Between Lungs
Pericardial – Heart; division of mediastinal
Abdominopelvic
Abdominal (Peritoneal)
Pelvic

35. Abdominopelvic Quadrants

36. These regions have different blood supply, nerve, or function.

37. Abdominal Regions
Hypochondriac – spleen & parts of diaphragm, liver, kidneys, pancreas
Epigastric – Most of pancreas & parts of stomach, liver, duodenum, IVC, abdominal aorta
Lumbar/Lateral
Umbilical
Iliac/Inguinal
Hypogastric