1. Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy: study of structure of parts of the body and their relationships to one another
Physiology: study of function of the body
Principle of complimentarity
Anatomy and physiology are inseparable
What a structure can do depends on its form
Bones support and protect body organs
Blood flows in one direction due to valves
BIOL Lab 1

2. Standard anatomical body position:
Anatomical Position
Standard anatomical body position:
Body erect
Feet slightly apart
Palms facing forward
This position is used as reference point whenever the human body is described.
BIOL Ana Position-Lab 1

3. The head is superior to the abdomen.
The leg is inferior to the chin.
The breastbone is anterior to the spine.
The heart is posterior to the sternum.
Table 1.1

4. The heart is medial to the arm.
The arm is lateral to the chest.
Table 1.1

5. The elbow is proximal to the wrist.
The knee is distal to the thigh.
Table 1.1

6. The skin is superficial to the skeletal muxcles.
The lungs are deep to the skin.
Table 1.1

7. In relation to the trunk or origin of a limb,
The hands are _______________ to the shoulders.
The nose is _____________ to the ears.
The knee is _________ to the hip.
The hip is __________ to the knees.
The shoulder is __________to the elbow.
The feet are __________ to the knee.
The fingers are __________ to the wrist.
The wrist is _________________ to the fingers.
The eyes are _________ to the ears.
The ears are ________ to the nose.
The elbow is _____________ to the shoulder.
The feet are ________ to the hip.
The elbow is ________ to the hand.
BIOL 102 Lab 1

8. Divides body vertically into right and left parts
Body Planes
Definition: Flat surface along which body or structure is cut for anatomical study
Sagittal plane
Divides body vertically into right and left parts
Midsagittal (median) plane
Parasagittal plane
Frontal (coronal) plane
Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts
Transverse (horizontal) plane
Divides body horizontally into superior and inferior parts (upper and lower halves)
BIOL Ana Position-Lab 1

9. Protects nervous system 2 subdivisions: Cranial cavity--encases brain
Body Cavities
Dorsal cavity
Protects nervous system
2 subdivisions:
Cranial cavity--encases brain
Vertebral cavity--encases spinal cord
BIOL Ana Position-Lab 1

10. Ventral cavity Houses internal organs (viscera)
Two subdivisions (separated by diaphragm):
Thoracic cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
BIOL Ana Position-Lab 1

11. Thoracic cavity subdivisions:
Two pleural cavities
Mediastinum
Contains pericardial cavity
Surrounds other structures in this area
Pericardial cavity--encloses heart
Abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions:
Abdominal cavity
Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver
Pelvic cavity
Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
BIOL Ana Position-Lab 1

12. Serous Membrane (Serosa)
Thin, double-layered membrane separated by serous fluid
Parietal serosa lines internal body walls
Visceral serosa covers the internal organs
BIOL Ana Position-Lab 1

13. Organization of the Body
Cell – smallest structure that shows all characteristics of life
Tissue –similar types of cells
Organ –different types of tissues
Organ system –different organs working closely together
Organism –organ systems
BIOL Lab 1

14. Organ Systems of the Body
Integumentary system
Forms external body covering
Composed of skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, nails
Protects deep tissues from injury and synthesizes vitamin D
Skeletal system
Composed of bone, cartilage, and ligaments
Protects and supports body organs
Provides framework for muscles
Site of blood cell formation
Stores minerals
Lecture 1-Intro

15. Organ Systems of the Body
Muscular system
Composed of muscles and tendons
Allows manipulation of environment, locomotion, and facial expression
Maintains posture
Produces heat
Nervous system
Composed of brain, spinal column, nerves
Fast-acting control system of body
Responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands
Lecture 1-Intro

16. Produces hormones that regulate many body functions
Endocrine System
Produces hormones that regulate many body functions
Works with nervous system to communicate information throughout body
Cardiovascular system
Composed of heart and blood vessels
heart pumps blood
blood vessels transport blood throughout body
Lecture 1-Intro

17. Organ Systems of the Body
Lymphatic system
Composed of red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood
Disposes of debris from lymphatic stream
Houses white blood cells involved with immunity
Respiratory system
Composed of nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx trachea, bronchi, and lungs
Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
Lecture 1-Intro

18. Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood
Digestive system
Composed of oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, and liver
Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood
Eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces
Urinary system
Composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from body
Regulates water, electrolyte, and pH balance of blood
Lecture 1-Intro

19. Male reproductive system
Composed of penis, testes, scrotum, prostate gland, and ductus (vas) deferens
Main function is production of offspring
Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones
Ducts and glands deliver sperm to female reproductive tract
Female reproductive system
Composed of mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
Main function is the production of offspring
Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones
Remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of fetus
Mammary glands produce milk to nourish newborn
Lecture 1-Intro

20. identify the major body cavities and the organs located within
LAB EXPERIMENTS
Observe torso models
identify the major body cavities and the organs located within
state the organ system to which the organs belong
2. Have a basic understanding of the body’s organ systems (see Table 2.1).
3. Describe the body cavities and the major organs each contains. (Ch 1 Activity 4; Ch 2 Activity 5).
4. Explain the body planes and directional terms.
BIOL Lab 1