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Introduction to the Structural Units
Chapter 1 Introduction to the Structural Units
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A and P Anatomy Physiology
Shape and structures of an organism’s body and the relationship of one body part to another Physiology Function of each body part and how the functions of the various body parts coordinate to form a complete living organism
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Branches of Anatomy Gross anatomy Microscopic anatomy
Developmental anatomy Comparative anatomy Systematic anatomy
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Terms for Location or Position and Directions
Anterior or ventral Front or in front of Posterior or dorsal Back or in back of Cranial and caudal Refer to direction of either toward the “head end” or “tail end” Superior and inferior Above or below another
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Terms for Location or Position and Directions, etc.
Medial and lateral Toward the midline or away from the midline Proximal and distal Toward or away from the point of attachment or origin Superficial or external On or near the surface or deep (internal)
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Body Planes and Sections
Sagittal plane Right and left parts Midsagittal plane Equal right and left parts Coronal (frontal) plane Vertical at right angles to the sagittal plane Transverse or cross section Horizontal; divides body into upper and lower parts
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Animation – Body Planes
Click Here to play Body Planes animation
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Body Cavities Dorsal cavity Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity
Brain and spinal cord Cranial cavity Spinal cavity Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity
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Abdominopelvic Cavity Regions
Epigastric region (upper) Just below sternum Right and left hypochondriac Just below ribs Umbilical (middle) Located around the navel
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Abdominopelvic Cavity Regions
Right and left lumbar Extend from anterior to posterior Hypogastric (lower) Pubic area Right and left iliac Also called right and left inguinal areas
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Smaller Cavities Orbital cavity Nasal cavity Buccal cavity
Eyes, eyeball muscles, optic nerves, and lacrimal (tear) ducts Nasal cavity Parts that form the nose Buccal cavity Teeth and and tongue
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Life Functions Living organisms may be one-celled organisms or multi-celled organisms. They include humans, plants, animals, etc. All living organisms are capable of carrying on life functions
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Life Functions These functions allow living organisms to live, grow and maintain themselves
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Life Functions Movement Ingestion Digestion Muscle system
Digestive system Digestion
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Life Functions Transport Respiration Synthesis Circulatory system
Respiratory system Synthesis Digestive system
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Life Functions Assimilation Growth Secretion Digestive system
Skeletal system Secretion Endocrine system
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Life Functions Excretion Regulation (sensitivity) Reproduction
Urinary system Regulation (sensitivity) Nervous system Reproduction Reproductive system
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Human Development Cells Tissues Organs Organ system
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Body Processes Metabolism
Functional activities of the cell that result in growth, repair, energy release, use of food, and secretions Anabolism Building up Catabolism Breaking down
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Homeostasis Ability of the body to regulate its internal environment within narrow limits Essential to survival Works on a negative feedback system
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Metric System Measurements for length, weight and volume
It is a decimal system Based on the power of ten Uses prefixes, such as centi-, milli-, and micro-
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Metric System Lengths measured in meters Weights measured in grams
Volumes measured in liters
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Medical Highlights Some recent advances
MRI CAT scans, Organ transplants Joint replacements Future developing technology will be in biotechnology and nanotechnology
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