1. Chapter 1 Lecture Slides with Animations
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Chapter 1
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2. Chapter 1 The Human Organism
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Chapter 1 The Human Organism

3. 1.1 Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy: scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structure
Physiology: scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things

4. Topics of Anatomy
Gross or macroscopic: structures examined without a microscope
Regional: studied area by area
Systemic: studied system by system
Surface: external form and relation to deeper structures as x-ray in anatomic imaging
Microscopic: structures seen with the microscope
Cytology: cellular anatomy
Histology: study of tissues

5. Topics of Physiology Reveals dynamic nature of living things
Considers operations of specific organ systems
Cell physiology: examines processes in cells
Neurophysiology: focuses on the nervous system
Cardiovascular: the heart and blood vessels

6. Subjects That Encompass Both Anatomy and Physiology
Pathology: structural and functional changes caused by disease
Exercise Physiology: changes in structure and function caused by exercise

7. 1.2 Structural and Functional Organizations
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1.2 Structural and Functional Organizations
Chemical Level: interaction of atoms
Cell Level: structural and functional unit of living organisms
Tissue Level: group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them
Organ Level: one or more tissues functioning together
Organ System Level: group of organs functioning together
Organism Level: any living thing.

8. Organs of the Body
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9. Organ Systems of the Body
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Organ Systems of the Body

10. Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)
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Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)

11. Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)
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Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)

12. Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)
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Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)

13. 1.3 Characteristics of Life
1. Organization: condition in which there are specific relationships and functions
2. Metabolism: all chemical reactions of the body
3. Responsiveness: ability to sense changes and adjust
4. Growth: increase in size and/or number of cells
5. Development: changes in an organism over time
Differentiation: change from general to specific
Morphogenesis: change in shape of tissues, organs
6. Reproduction: new cells or new organisms

14. 1.4 Biomedical Research
Shared characteristics between living things drive research
Single-celled bacteria = cell
Mammalian research furthers human surgery and medicine
Strict laws govern research to minimize suffering

15. 1.5 Homeostasis Values of variables fluctuate
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1.5 Homeostasis
Values of variables fluctuate
around the set point to establish a normal range of values.
Set point: the ideal normal value of a variable.
What is the set point for body temperature?

16. Feedback Systems Two types: negative and positive Components
Receptor: monitors the value of some variable
Control center: establishes the set point
Effector: can change the value of the variable
Stimulus: deviation from the set point; detected by the receptor
Response: produced by the effector

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Negative Feedback

18. Example of Negative Feedback
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Example of Negative Feedback

19. Changes in B.P. During Exercise
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Changes in B.P. During Exercise

20. Positive Feedback
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When a deviation occurs, the response is to make the deviation greater
Unusual in normal, healthy individuals, leads away from homeostasis and can result in death
Example of normal positive feedback: childbirth
Example of harmful positive feedback: after hemorrhage, blood pressure drops and the heart’s ability to pump blood decreases

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22. 1.6 Terminology and Body Plan
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1.6 Terminology and Body Plan
Anatomical Position
Body erect, face forward, feet together, palms face forward
Other Body Positions
Supine: lying face upward
Prone: lying face downward
Directional Terms
Superior (Cephalic) vs. Inferior (Caudal) toward or away from the head
Medial vs. Lateral relative to the midline
Proximal vs. Distal used to describe linear structures
Superficial vs. Deep relative to the surface of the body

23. Terminology and Body Plan (cont.)
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Directional Terms (cont.)
Anterior (Ventral) vs. Posterior (Dorsal). Anterior is forward; posterior is toward the back.

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25. Body Parts and Regions
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26. Body Parts and Regions 1-26
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1-26 26

27. Abdominal Subdivisions
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Abdominal Subdivisions

28. Planes
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Median (through the midline) and Sagittal (same plane, but to the left or right of median
Frontal or Coronal divides body into anterior and posterior sections
Transverse / Cross divides body into superior and inferior sections
Oblique: Other than at a right angle

29. Planes Through an Organ
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Longitudinal: cut along the length of an organ
Transverse/Cross: cut at right angle to length of the organ
Oblique: cut at any but a right angle

30. Body Cavities
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Diaphragm: divides body cavity into thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
Mediastinum: contains all structures of the thoracic cavity except the lungs

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Serous Membranes
Cover the organs of trunk cavities and line the cavity
Fist represents an organ
Inner balloon wall represents visceral serous membrane
Outer balloon wall represents parietal serous membrane
Cavity between two membranes filled with lubricating serous fluid that is produced by the membranes
Inflammation of the serous membranes

32. Serous Membranes: Named for Their Specific Cavities and Organs
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Serous Membranes: Named for Their Specific Cavities and Organs
Pericardium refers to heart.
Pleura refers to lungs and thoracic cavity
Peritoneum refers to abdominopelvic cavity

33. Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at

34. Imaging Techniques Radiography Ultrasound (US)
Computed Tomography (CT)
Dynamic Spatial Reconstruction (DSR)
Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

35. Radiography (X-ray): Shadowy negative of internal body structures
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Radiography (X-ray): Shadowy negative of internal body structures

36. Ultrasound (US): computer-analyzed sound waves bounced off a structure in the body.
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Computed Tomography (CT Scan): computer-analyzed composite of radiograph; shows slices of body.
Dynamic Spatial Reconstruction (DSR): 3-D version of CT using multiple slices.

38. Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA): comparison of radiographs with and without dye. Used in blood vessel studies.
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): uses magnetism and radio waves to look for varying alignment of protons in soft tissues.

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Positron Emission Tomography (PET): uses radioactively labeled glucose to calculate metabolic activity of cells.