1. Regular and Irregular Plural Nouns
Plural nouns name more than one person, place, or thing.
• Add -s to form the plural of most nouns.
picture/pictures wing/wings pattern/patterns
• Add -es to nouns ending in ch, sh, x, z, s, and ss.
bunch/bunches wish/wishes box/boxes class/classes
• If a noun ends in a vowel and y, add -s.
day/days boy/boys
• If a noun ends in a consonant and y, change y to i and add -es.
city/cities lady/ladies
• Some nouns have irregular plural forms. They change spelling.
man/men mouse/mice goose/geese foot/feet child/children
• For most nouns that end in f or fe, change f to v and add -es.
leaf/leaves knife/knives calf/calves
• Some nouns have the same singular and plural forms.
sheep deer moose headquarters series

2. Regular and Irregular Plural Nouns
Directions Write the plural form of each noun. Use a dictionary if you need help.
1. twig ________________
2. team ________________
3. field ________________
4. Tuesday ________________
5. lunch ________________
6. fox ________________
7. woman ________________
8. half ________________
9. cracker ________________
10.goose ________________

3. Regular and Irregular Plural Nouns
Directions Write the plural forms of the underlined singular nouns.
11. Migrant worker pick many crop and work long hour.
_____________________________________
12. They filled many box with orange, strawberry, and peach.
13. Sometimes they must trim leaf from plant with sharp knife.
14. Migrant child miss class on day when they must help their parent at work.
15. Other workers herd sheep and cow while riding horse.

4. Possessive Nouns
A possessive noun shows ownership. A singular possessive noun shows that one person, place, or thing has or owns something. A plural possessive noun shows that more than one person, place, or thing has or owns something.
• To make a singular noun show possession, add an apostrophe (’) and -s.
the baby’s crib
• To make a plural noun that ends in -s show possession, add an apostrophe (’).
the soldiers’ uniforms
• To make a plural noun that does not end in -s show possession, add an apostrophe (’) and -s.
the men’s shoes

5. Possessive Nouns 1. family ______________ 2. brother ____________
3. suitcase ____________
4. child _______________
5. government__________
6. pen ________________
7. train _______________
8. tree _______________
9. woman _____________
10. refugee____________
11. families____________
12. brothers____________
13. suitcases___________
14. children____________
15. governments_________
16. pens_______________
17. trains______________
18. trees______________
19. women_____________
20. refugees____________

6. Possessive Nouns 21. A (pen’s, pens’) point can be sharp.
Directions Circle the correct possessive noun in ( ) to complete each sentence.
21. A (pen’s, pens’) point can be sharp.
22. This (author’s, authors’) story is powerful.
23. The (Nazi’s, Nazis’) goal was to destroy or drive out all Jews.
24. Most (refugee’s, refugees’) stories were heartbreaking.
25. A Japanese (family’s, families’) compassion saved many lives.

7. Action and Linking Verbs
A complete sentence has a subject and a predicate. The main word in the predicate is a verb.
An action verb tells what the subject does.
The river flooded the town.
A linking verb links, or joins, the subject to a word or words in the predicate. It tells what the subject is or is like.
The townspeople were afraid.

8. Action and Linking Verbs
• Action verbs can tell about actions that are physical (walk, carry) or mental (forget, understand).
• Forms of the verb be (am, is, are, was, were) are often used as linking verbs.
• These verbs can be linking verbs: become, seem, appear, feel, taste, smell, and look. (I feel hungry. The pie smells delicious.) However, some of them can also be used as action verbs (Feel this fabric. The dog smells many scents.)

9. Action and Linking Verbs
Directions Underline the verb in each sentence. Write A on the line if the verb is an action verb. Write L if it is a linking verb.
1. The girl feels nervous ______
2. Today is her wedding day ______
3. She sits in a fancy chair ______
4. Footmen carry the chair on their shoulders ______
5. The girl is only sixteen ______
6. Her parents arranged the marriage ______
7. She sees her husband for the first time ______
8. He looks handsome and kind ______
9. She appears happy and content ______
10. Some Chinese customs seem unusual to us ______

10. Action and Linking Verbs
Directions Find the verb in each sentence. If the verb is an action verb, write it under Action. If it is a linking verb, write it under Linking.
Action Linking
11. Animals symbolize different things ________ _______
12. A coyote is resourceful and cunning ________ _______
13. An eagle seems fiercely proud and free. ________ _______
14. The lion rules its territory with dignity. ________ _______
15. A lion appears kinglike to people ________ _______

11. Main and Helping Verbs
Verbs that are made up of more than one word are verb phrases. In a verb phrase, the main verb names the action. The helping verb helps tell the time of the action. Some common helping verbs are has, have, had, am, is, are, was, were, do, does, did, can, could, will, would, and should.
• The main verb is always the last word in a verb phrase. (Animals are losing habitats.)
• There may be more than one helping verb in a verb phrase. (We should have saved more wetland habitats.)
• Helping verbs such as is and are show that action is happening in the present. (Forests are cut down for wood.) Was and were tell that the action happened in the past. (Once millions of acres
of forest were standing in this area.) Will tells that the action is happening in the future. (Trees will disappear if we don’t conserve them.)

12. Main and Helping Verbs
Directions Underline the verb phrase in each sentence.
1. For years, people have given names to their pets.
2. Our dog is named Groucho.
3. Pets can perform fascinating tricks.
4. Groucho has entertained us for years.
5. He could have been a standup comic.
6. Sometimes he will walk on his hind legs.
7. You should see his stubby tail.
8. No one can resist his floppy ears.

13. Main and Helping Verbs
Directions Find the verb phrase in each sentence. Write the helping verb on the first line and the main verb on the second line.
9. We should respect wild animals ________ ________
10. They are sharing the planet with us. ________ ________
11. They can frighten us at times ________ ________
12. Most of them are frightened by us too.________ ________

14. Subject-Verb Agreement
The subject and verb in a sentence must agree, or work together. A singular subject needs a singular verb. A plural subject needs a plural verb. Use the following rules for verbs that tell about the present time.
• If the subject is a singular noun or he, she, or it, add -s or -es to most verbs.
A horse runs. A dog chases the horse. It barks loudly.
• If the subject is a plural noun or I, you, we, or they, do not add -s or -es to the verb.
Horses run. Dogs chase the horse. They bark loudly.
• For the verb be, use am and is to agree with singular subjects and are to agree with plural subjects.
I am afraid. Paul is fearless. The armies are here. We are surprised.
• A collective noun names a group, such as family, team, and class. A collective noun is singular if it refers to a group acting as one:
The class is going on a field trip. A collective noun is plural if it refers to members of the group acting individually:
The class are debating about which place to visit.

15. Subject-Verb Agreement
Directions Underline the subject of each sentence. Circle the verb in ( ) that agrees with the subject.
1. U.S. history (is, are) an interesting subject.
2. Our class (is, are) studying the American colonies.
3. Toby (ask, asks) to report on transportation in the colonies.
4. Williamsburg (is, are) a colonial community.
5. Actors (play, plays) the part of colonists.
6. A blacksmith (pound, pounds) metal at a forge.
7. He (make, makes) tools of all kinds.
8. Teams of horses (pull, pulls) wagons on dirt roads.
9. Women (cook, cooks) food on the hearth.
10. Winnie (hurry, hurries) up the stairs to the loft.
11. Husks of corn (serve, serves) as mattresses in these beds.
12. A colonial child (has, have) only a few toys.