1. Anatomy & Physiology What is Anatomy?
of the human body
What is Anatomy?
Anatomy is defined as the study of… Structures
Structure refers to the shapes, sizes, and characteristics of the components of the human body.
The word anatomy comes from 2 words:
Ana which means “up or apart”
Tomos which means “to cut”

2. What do we do in this class?
Study the body form head to toe, from cell to the entire organism.
Understand the terminology used in the study of the body.
Understand the function of the organs and organs systems of the body.
How do we study the body?
We dissect!
We memorize terms and functions.

3. Anatomy and Physiology?
Who should take
Anatomy and Physiology?
Nurses
Science Teachers
Doctors
Dancers
Trainers
Actors &
Actresses
Athletes
Parents
Etc. etc. etc…….
Everyone could benefit from taking A & P.
What do we need to know to begin to study A & P?

4. F3 -Form Follows Function
Underlying theme for the year:
F3 -Form Follows Function
Every one of the organs of the human body has a specific function and the form of that organ is DIRECTLY tied to the function it provides.

5. Why Study the body as a whole?
The functions whole body contributes to a state called:
Homeostasis
Balance within a system

6. We must stay in Homeostasis to stay alive, so what functions must stay
Homeostatic?
(the process of staying in homeostasis)
Maintain Boundaries -
Keep the outside “stuff” outside and inside “stuff” inside.
Movement -
Whether it be the entire body or molecules through diffusion
Responding -
Respond to outside or inside stimuli

7. Digestion -
Take in and breakdown food.
Metabolism -
Use the food to get energy
Excretion -
Get rid of waste materials.
Reproduce -
Create viable offspring
Growth -
Increase number of cells/ size or organism

8. Body Directions and Terms!
To make it easier to study A & P, We must know our way around the body
Body Directions and Terms!
DORSAL/POSTERIOR* – toward the spinal/back
SUPERIOR– toward the front/head,
INFERIOR – toward the tail,
also called CRANIAL or CEPHALIC
also called CAUDAL
VENTRAL/ANTERIOR *– toward the belly
* Anterior and Posterior are different in Humans than 4 legged animals

9. These terms are Relational:
A man’s head is more SUPERIOR than…
his shoulders
his hips
A man’s feet are more Inferior than…
There is no “place” called the inferior of the body

10. Intermediate is in the center of the body
Other body directions:
Medial 
Lateral
MEDIAL is towards the middle or centerline
Intermediate is in the center of the body
LATERAL is toward the side.
ie:
The shoulder is lateral to the spine, or the spine is medial to the shoulder

11. Superficial – closer to the surface Deep – Away from the surface
Proximal – close to the body trunk, or where the limb is attached.
Distal – farther from the body trunk, or where the limb terminates
Proximal
Distal
Superficial – closer to the surface
Deep – Away from the surface

12. There are terms for the regions of the body also.
These will be our first quiz.
Anterior body terms:
These are in your book
(28 of them)
The use of these terms will help you locate the area of the body that is being described in the text, and or discussion. Also, knowledge of these terms will assist in the names and places of bones and muscles of the body.

13. Posterior Body Regions
( 19 of them –
some are
duplicates )
Many of the terms on this slide are a continuation of the terms of the anterior region

14. Along with the regions, there are five major Cavities of the human body:
These cavities are:
Cranial Cavity - house the brain
Spinal Cavity – house the spinal cord
Thoracic Cavity – house the organs of the chest
Abdominal Cavity – house the “gut” organs
Pelvic Cavity – house the reproductive and urinary organs

15. There are also “imaginary” planes in the body
Medial plane
Divides the body into two equal halves along the midline of the body.
Frontal Plane
Divides the body into a front and back half along the lateral line of the body.
Transverse Plane
Divides the body into a superior and inferior half along a horizontal line.

16. Levels of organization
The body is organized in a very specific way.
From the most basic to the most complex:
Atoms
Molecules
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ System
Organism
All of these are combinations of the previous level or organization

17. Major Body Systems Integumentary system
The entire external covering of the body . Acts as a barrier to the outside world for the body

18. Skeletal System
Major protection to the body organs. It gives a framework for the body’s muscles. It is the source of blood in adult humans

19. Muscular System
Three different types of muscles, Skeletal muscles allow movement within the environment and provide heat. Smooth muscles cover and protect organs. Cardiac muscles form the heart.

20. Nervous System
Two parts, Central and Peripheral carry signals to and from the brain to the body. Initiate movements within the body. Also control the glands and other systems

21. Endocrine System
Hormone secreting glands with regulate processes within the body.

22. Cardiovascular System
Made of the Heart and the blood vessels (Veins and Arteries). This system acts as a “conveyor belt” for the body. It moves all materials around the other systems.

23. Lymphatic System
This system is used to cleans the body of debris outside the other systems and organs. It also houses the white blood cells.

24. Respiratory System
Keeps blood constantly supplied with fresh Oxygen and carries away Carbon Dioxide and other wastes.

25. Review for Intro and Body terms Quiz:
Identify the following terms:
29 Anterior body regions Posterior body regions
3. Superior (cephalic, cranial) 4. Inferior (caudal)
5. Anterior (ventral) 6. Posterior (dorsal)
Medial 8. Lateral
Intermediate 10. Proximal
11. Distal 12. Superficial
13. Deep 14. Median plane
15. Frontal plane 16. Transverse plane
17. Cranial cavity 18. Thoracic cavity
19. Spinal cavity 20 Abdominal cavity
21. Pelvic cavity
Know about the following:
The levels of organization from atom to organism.
What is the term “Anatomy”
Know what is involved in the eleven (11) different major body systems
What is homeostasis and how does it work?
What are, and describe the Eight (8) necessary life functions starting with Maintaining Boundaries?

26. Digestive System
Take in, and breaks down the food that the body needs. It is also responsible for removing feces that is indigestible by the body.

27. Urinary System
Eliminates Nitrogen wastes (Uric acids) from the body and regulates the blood stream.

28. Reproductive System
Overall function of the reproductive system is to produce offspring. Also creation of hormones that affect the other organs of the body in various ways.