1. Chapter 3
Organization of the Body: Body Systems & Tissues

2. Applied Learning Outcomes
Learn about:
Body hierarchy
Tissue organization
Tissue form and function
Understand the cellular basis of aging and pathology
Chapter 3 – Organization of the Body

3. Hierarchy of Human Structure
Chapter 3 – Organization of the Body

4. all cells originate from a fertilized egg cell
TISSUES
all cells originate from a fertilized egg cell
cells differentiate by mitosis
Organs of the body develop from 1 of the embryological germ layers
Ectoderm  outer layer  skin & brain
Mesoderm  middle layer  bone & muscle
Endoderm  inner layer  digestive organs

6. Germ layers  4 human tissue types
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
TISSUE: An organized assembly of cells that have similar structures and perform a specific function
Epithelial Tissue – covers internal and external body surfaces
Connective Tissue – forms the supportive framework of the organs and the body
Muscle Tissue – provides the body with movement and support
Nervous Tissue – conducts and coordinates body information

7. Type 1 - Epithelial Tissue
Location
found on the surfaces or linings of organs
Structure
classified based on shape & arrangement
Function
protection
temp. reg.
Ex.
skin

9. Type 2 – Nervous Tissue
Location
brain, spinal cord, nerves
Structure
axon, cell body & dendrites
Function
rapid communication btwn structure & function
Ex.
neurons (conduct)
glia (support)

10. contractile tissue; depends on type Function movement Ex. skeletal
Type 3 – Muscle Tissue
Location
muscles
within structures
heart
Structure
contractile tissue; depends on type
Function
movement
Ex.
skeletal
smooth
cardiac

11. Muscle Tissue  Skeletal Muscle
Location
muscle that attaches to bone
Structure
voluntary
striated (visible bands)
long & thread like
multiple nuclei/cell
Function
movement
Ex.
abs
quads
hamis
biceps

12. nuclei
striations

13. Muscle Tissue  Smooth Muscle
Location
within systems, tracts, walls
Structure
involuntary
NO striations
long & narrow
1 nucleus/
cell
Function
movement of substances within the body
changing diameter of blood vessels
Ex.
digestive & respiratory tracts

14. Smooth Muscle
nucleus

15. Muscle Tissue  Cardiac Muscle
Location
wall of the heart
Structure
involuntary
slight striations
thick bands (intercalated
discs)
Function
produces heartbeat ; contractions
Ex.
heart

16. Cardiac Muscle

17. Type 4 – Connective Tissue
Location
everywhere (most abundant)
Structure
dispersed throughout a matrix of gel, protein, or salts
Function
protection
insulation
provides shape
transports
defends
Ex.
bone
blood
adipose
cartilage

18. Connective Tissue  Adipose Tissue
Location
under the skin
Structure
large fat compartments
Function
protection
insulation
support

19. Connective Tissue  Dense Fibrous Tissue
Location
tendons
Structure
dense arrangement of collagen fibers
Function
flexible BUT very strong

20. Connective Tissue  Bone
Location
bones
Structure
hard calcified matrix
osteocytes (cells that make bone)
Function
support
protection (vital organs)
storage (blood cells)
movement

21. Bone

22. Connective Tissue  Cartilage
Location
between spaces
Structure
HARD but flexible matrix
chondrocytes (cartilage cells)
Function
flexibility
support

23. Connective Tissue  Blood
Location
all over; heart, blood vessels & bone
Structure
liquid matrix
contains red & white blood cells
Function
transportation
protection

24. Connective Tissue  Hemopoietic Tissue
Location
in red marrow cavities (long bones) and organs
Structure
blood-like tissue
Function
produces blood cells

25. Concept Check 1
4. What are germ layers? What does each layer differentiate into?
5. Name the four types of human tissues and provide an example of each.
6. How do the connective tissues bone and cartilage differ?

26. Concept Check 2
3. How do the three types of muscle tissue differ in appearance?
5. How do the 2 examples of nervous tissue differ in function?
6. What functions do adipose and dense fibrous tissue provide?

27. Organs & Body Systems

28. ORGAN SYSTEMS of the HUMAN BODY
Cardiovascular
Digestive
Integumentary
Lymphatic
Muscular
Skeletal
Endocrine
Reproductive
Respiratory
Urinary
Nervous
Cardiovascular  regulates blood flow
Digestive  regulates nutrition
Integumentary  provides protection
Lymphatic  regulates body fluids, helps fight disease
Muscular  provides structure and movement
Skeletal  provides support and movement
Endocrine  regulates body function and development
Reproductive  regulates sexual function
Respiratory  regulates atmospheric gasses and certain body wastes
Urinary  regulates production, storage, and removal of urine
Nervous  communication, control, recognition of sensory stimuli

29. Skeletal System
Structure
bones
joints (where 2 bones meet)
ligaments (connect bone to bone)
Function
support
movement
protect
storage

30. Muscular System Function
Structure
muscles
tendons
(connect
muscle to
bone)
Function
movement
posture
heat

31. Cardiovascular (Circulatory) System
Structure
heart, blood vessels
Function
regulates blood flow
transportation of CO2 and O2 nutrients

32. Lymphatic System
Structure
tonsils
spleen
lymph nodes
Function
regulates body fluids and helps fight disease

33. Digestive System
Structure
mouth, stomach
esophagus, intestine, liver
Function
breaks down food
absorbs nutrients
eliminates waste

34. Urinary System
Structure
kidney, bladder
Function
produces, stores, eliminates waste

35. Reproductive System
Structure
gonads, mammary glands
Function
produce gametes (egg & sperm)

36. Integumentary System
Structure
skin, hair, nails
Function
protection
temperature regulation

37. Nervous System
Structure
brain, spinal cord, nerves
Function
communication
regulates activities via nerves

38. Endocrine System
Structure
glands, pancreas, hormones
Function
communication
regulates activities via glands

39. Respiratory System
Structure
pharynx, trachea, bronchi
Function
circulates O2
eliminates CO2

40. Wellness and Illness over the Life Span
Cell pathology is the basis of understanding dysfunction of the body’s hierarchy.
Dysfunction – abnormal, impaired, or incomplete functioning of an organism, organ system, organ, tissue, or cell.
Almost all gross diseases are due to dysfunction of one or more tissues in an organ system.

41. Biopsy – removal
of diseased cells
for study

42. Atrophy – wasting or decrease in size of a cell, tissue or organ
causes: undernutrition & blood flow
problems
ex.: muscle
atrophy occurs during during nerve
damage or lack of muscle use

43. Dystrophy – “ill growth”, progressive changes in a tissue (long term
undernutrition,
malnutrition,
decreased
blood flow)
Muscular dystrophy

44. Fatty change: accumulation of lipids in the cell in response to cellular injury;
(excessive alcohol intake)
Mouse liver

45. Hyperplasia: abnormal multiplication of the NUMBER of normal cells; increases risk of cancers & distorts function; cells stay same
size

46. Hypertrophy: abnormal increase in CELL SIZE; distorts structure & function

47. Metastasis: movement of diseased cells away from their original location to establish themselves in a new area

48. Necrosis: localized tissue death; results from decrease in blood flow, burns, chemical damage, infections, injury

49. Each body part is a piece of a complex organism
Summary
Each body part is a piece of a complex organism
Each level is dependent on the levels below
Components must work together to maintain homeostasis

50. Concept Check 3
What is the relationship between tissues and organ system function?
Which organ systems function in movement of the body? How do these systems differ?
Which organ systems function in communication? How do these systems differ?

51. Concept Check 4
4. Which systems function in transporting or exchanging gases? How do these systems differ?
Define dysfunction?
What is the cause of most gross diseases?

52. Concept Check 5 Compare and contrast hyperplasia and hypertrophy.
7. Compare and contrast atrophy and dystrophy.
Compare and contrast hyperplasia and hypertrophy.
In order to determine if cancerous tissue has metastasized what surgical technique could you perform?