1. Morphology
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2. the smallest unit of grammatical analysis.
a morpheme
the smallest unit of grammatical analysis.
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3. and be identifiable from one word to another
Contribute in some way to the meaning of the whole word.
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4. MORPHEMES inflectional derivational work – work(-s) work – work (-ed)
paradigm
derivational
read + -er
un- + tie
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5. word-formation - relate two different lexemes.
inflectional rules - relate different forms of the same lexeme (an abstract kind of word of which the word forms are all inflectional variants)
word-formation - relate two different lexemes.
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6. derivation and compounding
word-formation:
derivation and compounding
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7. DERIVATION different words with a shared base.
WORD CLASSES (primary grammatical categories)
CONVERSION (or ZERO DERIVATION):
word passing from one word class to another (or several others) without taking any affix
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8. A compound is a word composed of more than one free morpheme
COMPOUNDS
A compound is a word composed of more than one free morpheme
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9. HEADED AND HEADLESS COMPOUNDS BLENDS AND ACRONYMS
COMPOUND VERBS:
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
COMPOUND NOUNS
HEADED AND HEADLESS COMPOUNDS
BLENDS AND ACRONYMS
COMPOUNDS CONTAINING BOUND COMBINING FORMS
PHRASAL WORDS
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10. COMPOUND VERBS downsize, upgrade VERB_VERB (VV) stir-fry, freeze-dry
NOUN –VERB (NV)
hand-wash, air-condition , steam-clean
ADJECTIVE-VERB (AV)
dry-clean, whitewash
PREPOSITION-VERB (PV)
underestimate, outrun, overcook
ADVERB-VERB (Ad-V)
downsize, upgrade
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11. right-headed
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12. The rightmost element – head = the activity denoted by the compound as whole is a variety of the activity denoted by that rightmost element.
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13. Unhyphenated,solid -compound verbs with single-syllable modifiers
Hyphenation
Unhyphenated,solid -compound verbs with single-syllable modifiers
overhang
hyphenated - longer modifiers
Air-condition
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14. COMPOUND ADJECTIVES a modifier of a noun
It consists of two or more morphemes of which the left-hand component limits or changes the modification of the right-hand one
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15. the dark-green dress": dark limits the green that modifies dress.
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16. sky-high, coal-black, oil-rich ADJECTIVE-ADJECTIVE (AA)
NOUN-ADJECTIVE (NA)
sky-high, coal-black, oil-rich
ADJECTIVE-ADJECTIVE (AA)
grey-green, red-hot
PREPOSITION-ADJECTIVE (PA)
underfull, overactive
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17. All the compounds here are again right – headed.
VA structure, corresponding to the VV verbs would resemble hypothetical „sing-happy“ (happy enough to sing),
They scarcely exist, even though it is easy enough to find plausible meanings for them.
This reflects the relative reluctance of verbs to participate in compounding generally in English.
All the compounds here are again right – headed.
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18. Solid compound adjectives
earsplitting, eyecatching, and downtown. (AmE)
ear-splitting, eye-catching (BrE)
Numbers that are spelled out and have the suffix -fold added: "fifteenfold", "sixfold".
Points of the compass:
northwest, northwester, northwesterly, northwestwards, but not North-West Frontier.
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19. Hyphenated compound adjectives
A compound adjective is hyphenated if the hyphen helps the reader differentiate a compound adjective from two adjacent adjectives that each independently modify the noun.
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20. "acetic-acid solution": a solution of acetic acid
"acetic acid solution": a bitter solution producing vinegar or acetic acid (acetic + acid + solution)
"acetic-acid solution": a solution of acetic acid
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21. old English scholar Old English scholar De facto proceedings
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22. "Old English scholar": a scholar of Old English.
old English scholar: an old person who is English and a scholar, or an old scholar who studies English
"Old English scholar": a scholar of Old English.
"De facto proceedings" (not "de-facto")
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23. no risk of ambiguities - may be written without a hyphen:
Sunday morning walk.
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24. COMPOUND NOUNS Verb- noun (VN): swearword, drophammer, playtime
Noun-noun (NN): hairnet, mosquito net, butterfly net, hair restorer
Adjective-noun (AN): blackboard, greenstone, faintheart
Preposition – noun (PN): in-group, outpost, overcoat
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25. Most of these are also right-headed.
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26. In fact, almost any pair of nouns can be juxtaposed in English so as to form a compound or a phrase – provided that there is something that this compound or phrase could plausibly mean.
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27. solid or closed : hyphenated
open or spaced form consisting of newer combinations of usually longer words, such as distance learning, player piano, lawn tennis, etc.
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28. container ship/container-ship/containership and
particle board/particle-board/particleboard.
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29. two kinds of NN compound. Primary or root compound
(hairnet, mosquito net)
Secondary or verbal compound
(hair restorer)
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30. hairnet
mosquito net
butterfly net
hair restorer
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31. restorer in hair restorer is derived from a verb (restore).
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32. HEADED AND HEADLESS COMPOUNDS:
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33. Adjective-noun (AN):
blackboard
greenstone
faintheart
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34. faintheart
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35. faintheart - headless -its status as a noun is not determined by either of its components.
Headless AN compounds loudmouth, redshank (a kind of a bird that has red legs)
headless NN compounds stickleback( a kind of fish with spines on its back), sabretooth.
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36. exocentric – headless compounds – having a centre „outside themselves“
endocentric. – headed compounds - having an „internal centre“
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37. Blends and acronyms
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38. Talkathon
Cheesburger
Smog
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39. a kind of compound where at least one component is reproduced only partially - blends.
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40. talkathon (talk + marathon) cheeseburger (cheese + hamburger)
smog (smoke + fog)
talkathon (talk + marathon)
cheeseburger (cheese + hamburger)
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41. acronyms –
NATO (for North Atlantic Treaty Organization), ANZAC (for Australian and New Zealand Army Corps), RAM (random access memory), SCSI (pronounced scuzzy, small computer system interface), AIDS (aquired immune deficiency syndrome) .
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42. If the conventional way of reading the string is by pronouncing the name of each letter in turn, as with USA and RP (received pronunciation), then it is not an acronym but an abbreviation.
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43. Compounds containing bound combining forms.
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44. compounds that are made up of bound roots, known as combining forms.
Anthropology, sociology, cardiogram, electrocardiogram, retrograde, retrospect,
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45. For most of these the meaning of the whole is clearly determinable from that of the parts.
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46. For example: anthrop (o) – human plus –(o) logy, science or study, yields a word that means science or study of human beings and
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47. Phrasal words
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48. jack-in-the-box.
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49. Structurally this has the appearance of a noun phrase in which the head noun, jack, is modified by a prepositional phrase, in the box , exactly parallel to the phrases :
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50. People in the street or (a) book on the shelf.
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51. They jumped up and down like jack-in-the boxes.
They form their plurals by suffixing –s not to the head noun (as in books on the shelf)
jack-in-the boxes,
They jumped up and down like jack-in-the boxes.
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52. Though structurally a phrase, then, it behaves as a word.
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53. Let´s contrast it with another item which is at least as idiosyncratic in meaning and which has a similar structure: brother – in – law.
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54. A crucial difference is that brother-in-law forms its plural by affixing – s not to the whole expression but to the head noun:
Brothers –in –law
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55. Despite its hyphens, therefore, brother-in-law is not a word at all but a phrase
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56. Another examples of phrasal words: Dyed-in-the –wool Republican /s
Couldn´t-care-less attitude
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57. having strong beliefs, likes, or opinions that will never change:
Dyed-in-the-wool
having strong beliefs, likes, or opinions that will never change:
Even dyed-in-the-wool traditionalists were impressed by the changes.
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