1. Noun Plurals

2. Plurals  You can make most, but not all, nouns plural by simply adding –s or –es to the end of the word like  Printer/printers, lunch/lunches, bill/bills, kiss/kisses, mall/malls  The English language can be tricky… Some nouns change completely as plurals, and others do not change at all.  There are some rules to help you know how to make a singular noun plural.

3. Making singular Nouns Plural  Add –s to the end of most words to make them plural.  Grill/grills, paper/papers, snake/snakes, razor/razors  The plural form of nouns like these, referred to as count nouns, is rather predictable.  Add - es to the end of words ending with –ch,-s, -sh, -ss, -x, and –z  Punch/punches, gas/gases, garlic press/garlic presses, brush/brushes, box/boxes, fez/fezes  It would be strain to try and pronounce dresss or crashs if we didn’t put an e in front of the s, which forms another syllable.

4. Making Singular Nouns Plural  Change –f, -lf, or –fe at the end of words to –ves.  Leaf/leaves, half/halves, knife/knives  Be careful; there are exceptions to this rule, for example, chief/chiefs, giraffe/giraffes.  Change –y to –ies when the –y follows a consonant  Party/parties, battery/batteries, penny/pennies, baby/babies

5. Making Singular Nouns Plural  Just add an –s after a –y when the –y is preceded by a vowel.  Guy/guys, day/days, paly/plays, key/keys, boy/boys  Add –es to words ending with an –o that follows a consonant.  Tornado/tornadoes, potato/potatoes, echo/echoes, hero/heroes

6. Making Singular Nouns Plural  Simply add –s to words ending with an –o that follows another vowel.  Patio/patios, video/videos, radio/radios  Be careful; there are exceptions to this rule. For example banjo/banjos, piano/pianos.  For hyphenated compound nouns, add an –s to the word that is changing in number.  Passer-by/passers-by, brother-in-law/brothers-in- law

7. Making Singular Nouns Plural  There are no rules for pluralizing irregular nouns; you must memorize them  Mouse/mice, deer/deer, child/children, man/men, foot/feet, person/people, stimulus/stimuli, tooth/teeth, octopus/octopi, die/dice, louse/lice, ox/oxen

8. Practice: add –s or -es  book  strength  bush  box  package  choice  edge  freedom  ogre  fox  pencil  ax

9. Identify the correct plural SingularWhich plural is correct? halfhalveshalfs chiefchieveschiefs lifelifeslives giraffegiraffesgiraves oafoafsoaves shelfshelvesshelfs sniffsniffssnives wifewiveswifes safesafessaves

10. Identify the correct plural SingularWhich plural is correct? wolfwolveswolfs monkeymonkiesmonkeys librarylibraryslibraries candycandiescandys storystorysstories chimneychimneyschimnines Essayessaysessaies daisydaisysdaisies alleyalleysallies

11. Identify the correct plural SingularWhich plural is correct? delaydelaiesdelays familyfamiliesfamilys dominodominoesdominos radioradioesradios volcanovolcanosvolcanoes tomatotomatoestomatos torpedotorpedostorpedoes heroheroesheros echoechosechoes

12. Identify the correct plural SingularWhich plural is correct? pianopianoespianos mosquitomosquitoesmosquitos silosiloessilos studiostudiosstudioes six-year-oldsixes-year-oldsix-year-olds go-betweengoes-betweengo-betweens editor-in-chiefeditors-in-chiefeditor-in-chiefs runner-uprunners-uprunner-ups great- grandmother greats- grandmother great- grandmothers

13. Identify the correct plural SingularWhich plural is correct? singer- songwriter singers-songwritersinger-songwriters sister-in-lawsister-in-lawssisters-in-law city-statecities-statecity-states deerdeersdeer womanwomanswomen goosegeesegooses childchildschildren moosemoosesmoose mousemicemouses

14. Identify the correct plural SingularWhich plural is correct? alumnusalumnusesalumni phenomenonphenomenaphenomenons cactuscactusescacti analysisanalysisesanalyses criterioncriteriascriteria

15. TIP  Dictionaries often list two plurals for a word, as with the word cactus; plural, cacti or cactuses. Either is acceptable, but generally the first one given is preferred.

16. Possessives  Possessive nouns are words that imply ownership – something belonging to something else. The first thing to do is determine whether the word being used actually implies possession.

17. Singular Possessives  Look at the sentence the bird nests had eggs inside. The word nests, while it ends with –s, is plural, not possessive. To make nest or any singular noun possessive, add an apostrophe and –s (‘s) to the end, as in child/child’s, bread/bread’s, or music/music’s.  Example: The child’s older sister was my neighbor’s friend's babysitter.  What this sentence tells us is that the older sister of the child was the babysitter of the friend of my neighbor.  In other words, the sister “belonged” to the child, the friend “belonged” to the neighbor, and the neighbor “belonged” to me.

18. Practice – write the possessive form for each sentence  the contract of the actor  the graduation of Sabrina  the price of the car  the front door of the house  the ball glove of Matt

19. Plural Possessives  Making a plural noun possessive is a bit different.  Most plural nouns end with –s, except for irregular nouns like mouse/mice, child/children, man/men, deer/deer, and son on.  With a regular noun, simply add an apostrophe after the –s (s’), as in girls/girls’, schools/schools’, or newspapers/newspapers’  Example: The districts’ administrators’ secretaries’ contracts were approved.  This sentence tells us that the contracts of the secretaries of the administrators of the district were approved.  In other words, the administrators “belonged” to the district, the secretaries “belonged” to the administrators, and the contracts “belonged” to the secretaries.

20. Plural Possessives  Irregular nouns, such as teeth or people, are treated like singular nouns, and –’s is added to form their possessives.  Example: The geese’s V formation in the sky was impressive as they flew overhead.

21. Practice – write the possessive form  the dictionaries of the writers  The calendars of the doctors  The hills of ants  The islands of the countries  The toys of the children

22. TIP  When you are confronted with a singular noun ending in –s, and you need to make it possessive, you can do one of two things: add –’s or add an apostrophe after the –s.  Examples: Tess’s new shoes hurt her feet, but she wore them anyway.  Tess’ new shoes hurt her feet, but she wore them anyway.  Some words sound awkward with the added –s at the end (Moses’s, Dickens’s, Williams’s, etc.). It is recommended that you simply add an apostrophe after the –s at the end of such names, but the matter is left to your discretion.

23. Plurals formed with ‘s  What’s a rule without an exception? There are a few instances where you may need to use apostrophe –s (-’s) to make a plural. For example, you should add –’s to pluralize an abbreviation that has more than one period, such as Ph.D. or M.D.  Example: M.D.’s and Ph.D.’s denote doctorates in medicine and philosophy.

24. Plurals formed with ‘s  Also, when you need to write an expression with words and letters that usually are not seen in the plural form – like if, and, or but, or P and Q – add –’s to the word or letter.  Example: There are no if’s, and’s, or but’s about it, she won’t be going to the concert tomorrow. She should have minded her P’s and Q’s and kept her comments to herself.

25. TIP  You make some single-letter abbreviations plural by doubling the letter: p (page)/pp (pages), I (line)/ll (lines). Other abbreviations, like units of measure, do not change to become plural: 1 km (kilometer/10 km (kilometers), 1 in. (inch)/6 in. (inches).