1. History of the Computer
With much information from:
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2. Early Mathematical Devices
Abacus
Knotted cords (quipu)
Others?

3. Hewlett-Packard 1939 David Packard and Bill Hewlett
First product is 200A Audio Oscillator
Used to test sound systems and recording channels

4. Remote Access Calculating
1940
CNC (complex number calculator)
George Stibnitz, Bell Telephone Laboratories
Operated remotely using telephone lines and teletype

5. Konrad Zuse German engineer 1941
First general use programmable calculator (Z3)
Pioneer in using binary math and boolean logic in electronic calculations
Binary math:
Base 2: only 2 numbers—0 and 1
Boolean logic:
Uses ‘AND’, ‘OR’, ‘NOT’ in comparisons

6. Simultaneous Calculations
1942
Atanasoff-Berry Computer developed at Iowa State College
Dr. John Vincent Atanasoff and student Clifford Berry
Completes 29 simultaneous linear calculations (not programmable)
Uses vacuum tubes to control electric current

7. Harvard Mark-I
1943
Designed by Howard H. Aiken of Harvard, built by IBM
Electro-mechanical calculator
60 banks of 24 switches for data entry
Can store 72 numbers
Speed:
Addition in 3 seconds
Multiplication in 6 seconds
Division in 15.3 seconds
Trig functions over 1 minute

8. Colossus British computer used to break German codes in WWII
Operational by December 1943
Used 1500 vacuum tubes and pulleys to move punched paper

9. ENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrator Analyzer and Computer
Developed by Ballistics Research Laboratory of Maryland USA to assist in preparation of firing tables for artillery
Built at University of Pennsylvania
Completed in November 1945, demonstrated 1946
Used vacuum tubes
Reprogramming required moving tubes and circuit wires
Speed: in one second
5000 additions
357 multiplications
38 divisions

10. ENIAC

11. September 9, 1945 First computer bug
Grace Hopper reported at 15:45 on Harvard Mark II
Moth stuck between relays

12. New Development!
Transistor developed by Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1947
William Shockley, Walter Brattain, John Bardeen
Transistor replaces vacuum tubes as directors of current
Solid state
Advantages?

13. B=Base C=Collector E=Emitter

14. IBM SSEC Selective sequence electronic calculator 1948
First computer with stored program
Used vacuum tubes and mechanical switches
Speed: 50 multiplications per second

15. ERA 1101 1950 Engineering Research Associates of Minneapolis
First commercially produced computer
Has magnetic drum storage device

16. UNIVAC Universal Automated Computer Developed in 1951
Can store digits in random access
1905 operations per second
Originally developed for US Census Bureau
Cost: $ plus $ for high-speed printer
Used by CBS to predict the outcome of 1952 presidential election (correctly)

18. Grace Hopper 1952 First compiler (A-0 compiler)
Allows use of English words instead of numbers to program computer

19. Transistor 1954 Gordon Teal of Texas Instruments
Semiconductor substitute for vacuum tubes
Brings cost of transistor down by making more efficient single-crystal transistor
First transistor only computer in 1955
TRADIC made by AT&T Bell Laboratories

20. 1956
MIT: research on using a keyboard to input data directly to computer
Storage: IBM makes 305 RAMAC
Random Access Method of Accounting and Control
50 magnetic disks
5 million bytes of data
Byte: collection of bits (usually 8) used to encode one character

21. Integrated Circuit 1958 Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments
Has both resistors and capacitors on same semiconductor
Thin piece of germanium with 5 components linked by wires

22. 1960 First modem: Minicomputer?: Language: Dataphone developed by AT&T
Converted digital data to analog for transmission on phone lines
Minicomputer?:
DEC PDP1
Cost $
Comes with monitor, needs no AC and can be controlled by one user
Hackers at MIT write first computer game (SpaceWar!) for use on PDP1
Language:
COBOL developed

23. 1962 Removable disc storage: Gold doped transistors:
IBM 1311 Disk Storage Drive
Pack holds 6 disks
Weighs 10 pounds
Stores about 2 million bytes
Gold doped transistors:
Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corp
More efficient and reliable transistor

24. 1963 Graphics: Robots: Sketchpad CAD
Developed by Ivan Sutherland at MIT
Allows drawing geometric forms with light pen
CAD
DAC-1 developed by General Motors and IBM
Robots:
Rancho Arm developed by Rancho Los Amigos Hospital in California

25. Mainframes
Large (room or building sized) computers that are used by several different users to do several different (large) jobs.
April 1964: IBM 360 introduced. IBM will set the standard for mainframes for the next 20 or so years.
CDC 6600 Supercomputer: does 3 million calculations per second (3x faster than IBM)

27. Life in the 60s
Mainframes are used by businesses and government for large calculations
A typical minicomputer costs $20 000
The price of integrated circuits is going down, and Gordon Moore predicts that the number of ICs (and thus the number of computers?) will double every year. This is known as Moore’s Law.

28. 1967 MOS chip First pacemaker: Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corp
Metal oxide semiconductor integrated circuit
Equivalent of many transistors in small area
First pacemaker:
Medtronics uses integrated circuits

29. 1968
Doug Engelbart demonstrates a word processor and an early hypertext system
Gordon Moore and Robert Noyce found Intel.
David Evans and Ivan Sutherland form E&S
Specialize in graphics systems for computers

30. 1969
UNIX:
Operating system designed by Kenneth Thompson and Dennis Ritchie (Bell Labs)
Multi-user, multi-task system for computer

31. 1970 Fairchild Semiconductor introduces a 256-bit RAM chip.
Intel introduces a 1K RAM chip and the 4004, a 4-bit microprocessor.
Can perform operations per second
First ATM machine
Citizens and Southern National Bank, Valdosta GA

32. 1971
Bill Gates and Paul Allen form Traf-O-Data to sell their computer traffic analysis systems.
Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak build and sell “blue boxes” in California while they work for Hewlett-Packard.
First sent
Ray Tomlinson of BBN sent message over ARPANET
First “personal computer”
Kenbak-1 costs $750
Switches for input, lights for output

33. 1972 Intel 8008 microprocessor Pong is released
256 unique arrangements of 0 and 1
Now can use both capital and lowercase letters as well as many symbols
Pong is released
Pong-Story : Welcome

34. 1975
Altair 8800:
No display and no memory
Programs are inputted by flipping a series of switches.
$297 or $385 with a case
Paul Allen and Bill Gates develop the program BASIC for the Altair Microsoft is born.
Jobs and Wozniak work on and release the Apple I
No memory, keyboard or monitor
Fully functional circuit board and ROM.

35. 1977
Apple is selling the Apple II for $1195 with 16 K of RAM but no monitor.
Commodore and Tandy also release personal computers

36. 1979 Software Arts develops the first spreadsheet program
Visicalc is an immediate success
Copies shipped per month rise from 500 in October 1979 to a month in 1981

37. 1980 Apple has captured 50% of the personal computer market
Seagate Technology develops first hard disk drive
Holds 5 megabytes of information
Microsoft is approached by IBM to develop BASIC for its personal computer project. The IBM PC will be released in August 1981.
MS-DOS

38. 1982 Time Magazine calls “The Computer” the “Machine of the Year”
Movie “Tron” released
YouTube Tron - Trailer
Commodore 64
Features 64K RAM
Impressive graphics
Many programs designed to use graphics capability
Sells for $595

39. 1984
Apple Macintosh debuts. It features a simple mouse-based GUI and has a built-in 9 inch black and white screen.

40. 1985 Microsoft Windows 1.0 ships in November
Motorola produces the 68040, a 32-bit 25MHz microprocessor.

42. 1986 Optical transistor Pixar David Miller of AT&T Bell Labs
Beams of light control computer switches
Pixar
Lucasfilm Special Effects Computer Group purchased by Steve Jobs for $10 M
YouTube - Pixar Vgel

43. 1989 Intel 80486 Microprocessor Maxis
Equivalent of transistors
Doubles speed of current chips
Maxis
Co-founded by Will Wright
Produces SimCity

44. 1990 World Wide Web Tim Berners-Lee at CERN
Allows many different computers to communicate

45. Today’s Computer
Smaller due to integrated circuits and much more powerful than the early mainframes
More reliable due to integrated circuits
Faster due to advances in integrated circuits (compare 1 MHz Apple I to 4 GHz current computers).

46. Parts of the computer CPU (today microprocessor) Input device(s)
Output device(s)
Memory
ROM
RAM