2. Computer Confluence 7/e

3. Chapter 1 Computer Currents and Internet Waves

4. Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Objectives What a computer is and what it does Ways computers play a critical role in modern life The history of the development of the modern computer Trends in the evolution of modern computers Fundamental differences between computers and other machines The relationship between hardware and software

5. Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Objectives (continued) The four major types of computers in use today and their principal uses How the Internet is changing the way people use computers and information technology Today’s Information Age The social and ethical impact of information technology on our society

6. Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 The Google Guys: Search for Success Google is one of the most successful companies on WWW  search for Web pages, facts, quotes, etc.  200 million queries a day Launched by a Sergey Brin and Larry Page (Stanford Ph.D. students) New approach in webpage design: Marks a page’s relevance by the number of times other related web pages link to it, not how often a word or phrase appeared on a page

7. Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computing Before Computers Charles Babbage (1791-1871)  19th-century mathematics professor at Cambridge The Analytical Engine, Lady Lovelace (1823)  Mother of all computers, conceived by Charles Babbage  Could be programmed with punched cards  Could carry out any calculation to 20 digits of accuracy

8. Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computing Before Computers Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace  Interpreter and promoter of Babbage’s visionary work  Wrote a plan for using the Analytical Engine to calculate sequences of Bernoulli numbers  Often called the first computer programmer

9. Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Living without Computers Computers are no longer a luxury but rather a commodity Computers and their applications are involved in all aspects of our daily life

10. Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea Every computer in use today follows the basic plan laid out by Babbage and Lady Lovelace The computer is an incredibly versatile tool  Can compute your taxes or deploy a missile

11. Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea All computers take in information called input and give out information called output

12. Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea (continued) The computer's versatility is built upon its:  Hardware: The physical part  Software: The instructions that tells hardware how to transform the input data (information in a form it can read) into the necessary output

13. The First Real Computers:  1939: Konrad Zuse completed the first programmable, general-purpose digital computer Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea (continued)

14.  At about the same time, the British government was assembling a top-secret team of mathematicians and engineers to crack Nazi military codes  1943: The team, led by mathematician Alan Turing and others, completed Colossus, considered by many to be the first electronic digital computer © 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc. Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea (continued)

15.  1939: Iowa State University professor John Atanasoff developed what could have been the first electronic digital computer, the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) Professor John Atanasoff was seeking a tool to help his students solve differential equations.

16. Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea (continued)  1944: Thanks to a one million dollar grant from IBM, Harvard professor Howard Aiken developed the Mark I Mark I was a 51-foot-long, 8-foot-tall monster that used noisy electromechanical relays to calculate five or six times faster than a person could, but it was far slower than a modern $5 pocket calculator.

17. Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea (continued)  John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert helped the U.S. effort in World War II by constructing a machine to calculate trajectory tables for new guns  called ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)  After the war, Mauchly and Eckert started a private company called Sperry and created UNIVAC I, the first general-purpose commercial computer

18. Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea (continued) Evolution and Acceleration  Vacuum tubes were used in early computers  Transistors replaced vacuum tubes starting in 1956  By the mid-1960s transistors were replaced by integrated circuits Encyclopedia Britannica (http://www.britannica.com/) has a lot of good information about the evolution of computers.http://www.britannica.com

19. Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea (continued)  Integrated circuits brought:  Increased reliability  Smaller size  Higher speed  Higher efficiency  Lower cost

20. Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computers in Perspective: An Evolving Idea (continued) The Microcomputer Revolution  1971: The first microprocessor was invented by Intel engineers  The microcomputer revolution began in 1970:  Apple  Commodore  Tandy  Desktop computers haven’t completely replaced big computers, which have also evolved

21. Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computers Today: A Brief Taxonomy Mainframes and Supercomputers  Mainframes  Used by large organizations, such as banks and airlines, for big computing jobs

22. Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computers Today: A Brief Taxonomy  Supercomputers  For power users who need access to the fastest, most powerful computers made

23. Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computers Today: A Brief Taxonomy Servers, Workstations, and PCs  Servers  Computers designed to provide software and other resources to other computers over a network

24. Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computers Today: A Brief Taxonomy  Workstations  High-end desktop computers with massive computing power used for high-end interactive applications

25. Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computers Today: A Brief Taxonomy  PCs: Serve a single user at a time  Common applications include:  word processing, accounting, gaming, and enjoying digital music and video

26. Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computers Today: A Brief Taxonomy (continued)  Portable Computers: Machines that are not tied to the desktop  Notebooks (laptops)  Handheld computers (PDAs)

27. Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computers Today: A Brief Taxonomy Embedded Computers  Special-purpose computer: Dedicated computers that perform specific tasks  Controlling the temperature and humidity  Monitoring your heart rate  Monitoring your house security system

28. Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computer Connections: The Internet Revolution The Emergence of Networks  Local-Area Networks (LANs)  Wide-Area Networks (WANs)  The experimental network built in 1969, called ARPANET, would become the Internet

29. Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computer Connections: The Internet Revolution (continued) The Internet Explosion  Electronic mail  E-mail software  World Wide Web  Led the Internet’s transformation from a text-only environment into a multimedia landscape incorporating pictures, animation, sounds, and video  Web browsers  Programs that, in effect, serve as navigable windows into the Web

30.  In 1994, only 3 million people were connected to the Internet; by the end of 2002, over 550 million people had Internet connections.  More than 54 percent of all American households are connected to the Internet; before the first decade of the 21st century is over, 90 percent of U.S. households will likely be connected, making the Internet almost as universal as the television and the telephone.  The United States leads the world in Internet activity, but the rest of the world is catching up. About 34 percent of all Europeans were online in 2001, and their numbers are rising quickly.  By 2006, some predict, over 79 percent of Europeans will be online.

31. Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Computer Connections: The Internet Revolution (continued)  Hypertext links  Tie together millions of Web pages created by diverse authors  Intranets  Private intra-organizational networks based on Internet technology  Network computers  Stripped-down computers designed to function mainly as network terminals  Set-top boxes  Provide Internet access through television sets “All persons are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly”.. —Martin Luther King Jr..

32. Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Into the Information Age In the history of our society we have had:  An agricultural age  An industrial age Now we are in a new age, the information age:  More and more people earn their livings working with words, numbers, and ideas

33. Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Living with Computers (continued) Explanations: Clarifying Technology  Computer literacy is already improving our day-to-day life and careers Applications: Computers in Action  Applications: enable you to use a computer for specific purposes Applications:

34. Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Living with Computers (continued) Application programs I. Word processing and desktop publishing II. Spreadsheets and other number-crunching applications III. Databases IV.Computer graphics and digital photos V.Digital audio, digital video, and multimedia VI.Telecommunication and networking VII.Artificial intelligence VIII.Entertainment IX.General problem-solving

35. Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Living with Computers (continued) Implications: Social and Ethical Issues  The threat to personal privacy posed by large databases and computer networks  The hazards of high-tech crime and the difficulty of keeping data secure  The difficulty of defining and protecting intellectual property in an all-digital age  The risks of computer system failure

36. Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Living with Computers (continued)  The threat of automation and the dehumanization of work  The abuse of information as a tool of political and economic power  The dangers of dependence on complex technology  The death of privacy  The blurring of reality  The evolution of intelligence  The emergence of bio-digital technology

37. Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Inventing the Future  Hardware: the base of any new project  Software: the next step, which gives value to the hardware  Service: the most successful current business approach  Way of life: computers tend to become part of our way of life

38. Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Lesson Summary  Computers have evolved at an incredible pace since Charles Babbage’s plan for an Analytical Engine  Computers today come in all shapes and sizes, with specific types being well suited for particular jobs  Connecting to a network enhances the value and power of a computer:  Internet  WWW  E-mail

39. Computer Confluence 7/e Chapter 1 Lesson Summary (continued)  Computers and information technology have changed the world rapidly and irreversibly  Emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence, offer promise for future applications  Computers also threaten our privacy, our security, and perhaps our way of life