1. The Digestive System Chapter 15

2. 15.1 Functions: mechanical and chemical breakdown of food *absorption of nutrients Consists of alimentary canal and accessory organs

3. Wall of the Alimentary Canal

4. 15.2 Characteristics of the Canal 1. Mucosa - protects tissues and carries absorption 2. Submucosa - glands, blood vessels, nerves 3. Muscular Layer - smooth muscle tissue, circular & longitudinal fibers, pushes food (PERISTALSIS) 4. Serosa (serous layer) - visceral perioneum, outer covering of the tube, lubricates surfaces (serous fluid)

6. Mixing Movements Contractions mix food with digestive juices Peristalsis - pushes food down the tube

7. Anatomy of the Mouth

8. Anatomy of a Tooth

9. Teeth Incisors Cuspid (canine) Bicuspids Molars

12. Salivary Glands Produces saliva for chemical digestion of starches - Basic to neutralize acid to prevent decay of tooth enamel

13. Pharynx “throat” -Trachea and esophagus meet

14. Esophagus Muscular tube that transports food to your stomach 5-7 seconds

15. STOMACH Primary food digestion location -secrete enzymes and digestive juices, including hydrochloric acid

16. Stomach Regions Cardiac Fundic Body (greater and lesser curvature) Pyloric

17. Stomach Lining Gastric Juices contain acids that break down food - secreted by gastric glands (can sometimes release causing acid reflux) PEPSIN - most important digestive enzyme for breaking down food Mucus prevents stomach from digesting itself

18. Chyme - paste, after food has been broken down, released then into the duodenum via the pyloric sphincter valve Rugae - folds within stomach Gastric Pits contain glands to make juices

19. PANCREAS - secretes insulin which breaks down sugars Pancreatic Juice also breaks down fat

20. Liver 1 large right lobe | 1 smaller left lobe

21. Liver - ducts and vessels Hepatic duct --> to common bile duct Hepatic portal vein - circulates blood throughout liver

22. Liver Functions 1. blood glucose levels 2. breakdown of lipids and fats 3. protein metabolism 4. stores vitamins 5. destroys damaged RBCs 6. removes toxins 7. secretes bile

23. Gall Bladder - under liver cystic duct --> common bile duct stores bile, digests fat *gallstones may form

24. Small Intestine Starts at the pyloric sphincter 1. Duodenum 2. Jejunum 3. Ileum *Mesentery Membrane holds it together, contains blood vessels

25. Greater Omentum a "curtain-like" membrane that covers the intestines, stores fat and lays like a drape

26. Greater Omentum

27. Intestinal villi - increase surface area to absorb nutrients, connect to vessels

28. The main function of the small intestine is to secrete chemicals that break down food and carry the nutrients away in the blood stream. In one word: ABSORPTION

29. Large Intestine Cecum Appendix Colon (4 parts) Cecum Ascending Tra nsverse Descending Si gmoid Rectum Anus

30. Function of Large Intestine Secretes mucus, reabsorbs water, contains bacteria to aid in digestion (intestinal flora) Mass Movements (defecation) - removes undigested food The main job is WATER REABSORPTION...

31. 1. esophagus 2. liver 3. stomach 4. pyloric sphincter 5. duodenum 6. pancreas 7. jejunum 8. ileum 9. cecum 10. appendix 11. ascending colon 12. descending colon 13. sigmoid colong 14. anus

32. Nutrition

33. Gastric Bypass Surgery http://www.hurtbyadoctor.c om/Gastric-Bypass- Surgery-Malpractice- Lawsuits-Information- Home.htm

34. Colon Cancer Colonoscopy is a screening technique to detect cancer. See Katie Couric's ColonoscopyKatie Couric's Colonoscopy

35. The Urinary System Chapter 17

36. 17.1 Introduction -Cells produce waste that can become toxic if they accumulate Functions the urinary system removes salts and nitrogenous wastes maintains normal concentration of water and electrolytes maintains pH, controls red blood cell production and blood pressure

37. Composition consists of a pair of kidneys which remove substances from the blood ureters which transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder urinary bladder stores urine urethra conveys urine to the outside of the body

38. 17.2 Kidneys lie on either side of the vertebral column deep in the abdominal cavity positioned behind the parietal peritoneum (retroperitoneally) lateral side is convex, medial is concave, kidneys sit in a depression called the renal sinus Entrance is called the HILUM

39. -superior end of the kidney forms a funnel shaped sac - renal pelvis -renal medulla = center of the kidney -renal cortex = outer shell around the medulla; the cortex appears granulated due to the presence of nephrons -renal arteries and veins supply blood to the kidneys The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney

41. Renal Arteries & Veins Arteries attach to the abdominal aorta Veins attach to the inferior vena cava Interlobar arteries pass between the renal pyramids Afferent arterioles lead to the nephrons

42. Parts of the Urinary System - The NEPHRON

43. NEPHRONS - functional unit of the urinary system Quick Analogy: A nephron is to the urinary system as the _________________ is to the nervous system -each kidney contains about 1 million nephrons -renal corpuscle: composed of a tangled cluster called a glomerulus which filters fluid Pathway = glomerulus -> proximal tubulue --> nephron loop (also called loop of henle) --> distal tubule --> collecting duct --> ureter --> bla dder

47. What blood vessel enters the glomerulus?

48. 17.3 Urine Formation (section is abbreviated) glomerular filtration - urine formation begins, plasma is filtered tubular reabsorption - returns most of the fluid to the body tubular secretion - removes what is not needed; produces urine

49. Urine Composition 95 % Water Contains urea and uric acid (characteristic smell) Can contain trace amino acids

50. Urine may also contain other chemicals that can be detected. Hormones present in a pregnant woman are detectable in urine

51. 17.4 Urine Elimination After urine forms in the nephrons,the ureters (starting with the renal pelvis) carry the urine away to the bladder Bladder is an expandable structure that stores urine before it is eliminated from the body. Transitional epithelial cells change shape to allow for expansion and contraction. Micturation = urination; as the bladder fills this reflex occurs though it is also under voluntary control Urethra = tube carries urine to the outside of the body

52. Disorders of the Urinary System Many urinary problems can be solved by drinking enough water. So how much fluid does the average, healthy adult living in a temperate climate need? The Institute of Medicine determined that an adequate intake (AI) for men is roughly 3 liters (about 13 cups) of total beverages a day. The AI for women is 2.2 liters (about 9 cups) of total beverages a day.

53. Cystitis = bacteria enters the bladder or kidneys (kidney infection); more common in women because the urethra is shorter Commonly known as a "bladder infection" UTI = urinary tract infection Frequent need to urinate Pain in the abdomen Burning sensation during urination Cloudy, bad-smelling urine Blood in the urine Leaking urine Low back pain Fever and chills Nausea and poor appetite

54. Catheters In medicine, a catheter is a tube that can be inserted into a body cavity, duct, or vessel. The process of inserting a catheter is catheterization. Catheterization of the bladder is a common medical procedure, often performed by nurses