2.  Signalment – 4 year old female spayed Hound  Presenting Complaint – Inappropriate Urination  Lab findings – None she just walked in your door  Possible Tests to rule out Ddx – Blood work (CBC, Chem), urinalysis, urine culture, radiographs, Ultrasound  U/S Ddx – Calculi, tumors, cystitis(possible UTI)

3.  Radiopaque or radiolucent calculi are seen as hyperechoic focal echogenicities that shadow in the dependent portion of the bladder  Are usually located in the dependent portion of the bladder but may adhere to the wall with severe inflammation

7.  Suspended with bladder agitation

8.  Typically Cranioventral  Can be generalized if severe  If the bladder is not fully distended the wall may appear thicker

12.  Infection with E. Coli  Infection with Clostidium species  Diabetes Mellitus  The gas bubbles will follow the wall contour  Can be confirmed by radiographs – lucencies associated with the bladder

14.  Polyps are rare  Must be confirmed by biopsy  Neoplasia more common

15. Trigone and Urethra

17.  Most common bladder tumor in dogs  Focal wall thickening, could have generalized thickness (diffuse tumor)  Fixed mass extending into the lumen of the bladder  U/S guided catheter biopsy – lesion pushed to catheter by transducer pressure or cystoscopy  Check iliac LN and thoracic rads

18.  To differential Ddx – remember moving objects will settle to the dependent part of the bladder.  Dorsal in down, ventral is up.  Sampling for TCC - No aspirates  Inappropriate urination could be behavioral, pollakiuria, PU/PD, stranguria (ask more questions to clarify)