1. SCP2-GA-2012-314286 2012-09-01 to 2015-08-31 Towards the unmanned merchant ship: The MUNIN Project Ørnulf Jan RØDSETH, Research Director MARINTEK Dept. Maritime Transport Systems OrnulfJan.Rodseth@marintek.sintef.no http://www.unmanned-ship.org 3 rd Workshop on European Unmanned Maritime Systems Porto, May 30 th 2014

2. Content  Introduction to MUNIN  Rationale for unmanned ships  Problems with unmanned ship  Application in other domains  Conclusion and summary 2

3. Introduction to MUNIN  Munin ("mind") is one of Odin's two ravens flying out in the morning and reporting news of the world to their master in the evening.  Hugin ("thought"), the other raven, is also the name of a commercially successful autonomous submarine (AUV).  Here, MUNIN is the name of a new EU project researching the unmanned, autonomous ship. 3 Maritime Unmanned Navigation through Intelligence in Networks

4. Partners in MUNIN  Fraunhofer CML (DE) – Research, Coordinator  MARINTEK (NO) – Research  Chalmers (SE) – University  Hochschule Wismar (DE) – University  Aptomar (NO) – Industry  MarineSoft (DE) – Industry  Marorka (IS) – Industry  University College Cork (IE) - University 4

5. Project details  Duration: 01.09-2012 – 31.08.2015  Funding: 2.9 million EUR  Activity code: SST.2012.5.2-5: E-guided vessels: the 'autonomous' ship 5

6. Objectives  Develop and test unmanned ship concepts  Main technical investigations on  Technical maintenance for high availability  Navigation support for unmanned bridge  Remote operations, shore coordination, including VTS/Pilot/SAR  Energy savings potential  Base case is medium size dry bulk carrier  Verify concept in system of simulators  Examine legal and contractual constraints  CBA and applications in today's shipping as well as other ship types 6

7. Content  Introduction to MUNIN  Rationale for unmanned ships  Main problems with unmanned ship  Application in other domains  Conclusion and summary 7

8. WaterBorne TP 8

9. Autonomous Slow Steaming  Environmentally  Reduce CO 2 emissions with 54%  Economically  Lower fuel costs (but higher hire)  Offset increased crew costs due to longer voyage  Societal  Make crew available for more demanding tasks, closer to home, offset lack of crew, increase job attractiveness 9

10. New ship concepts 10 Source Rolls Royce Holdings

11. New ship concepts 11 Source Rolls Royce Holdings

12. Content  Introduction to MUNIN  Rationale for unmanned ships  Main problems with unmanned ship  Communication issues  Application in other domains  Conclusion and summary 12

13. Communication technology and information transfer  Dependent on trade area and cost one have to expect varying degree of communication service (bandwidth, latency and reliability)! 13 AMVER July 2012: www.amver.org

14. Lookout and collission avoidance  Radar and AIS are on board – enhancements are available.  Small object detection radar, IR cameras, low light cameras etc. are available. 14 Key challenges are to integrate sensors and to classify objects automatically

15. Manoeuvres in difficult conditions 15 Less of a problem for bulk carriers.

16. System robustness  Today ship safety is to some degree based on the ability to repair equipment during voyage.  Autonomous ships need very high confidence level against critical failures during sea leg!  High reliability, redundancy and fail-to-safe mechanisms required! 16 New approaches to component redundancy as well as preventive maintenance are required.

17. Ship-shore coordination  Ship operator needs a central operations centre ashore.  Coordination with other entities when necessary:  Other (autonomous) ships  Pilot, VTS …  General ship reporting (FAL, SOLAS)  SAR  … 17 New operational principles and procedures are required. Human factor is a challenge in shore side remote operations.

18. Legal and contractual issues  Who is in charge of the ship – no master ?  Flag state jurisdiction without master ?  COLREGS ?  Insurance and liability ?  Safety at sea – SAR ?  … 18 A major challenge: It will take time before we see the first fully autonomous ship!

19. Piracy and hostile interference  Reduction of attractiveness  No crew to ransom  Cargo cannot easily be moved  Ship can be tracked  Countermeasures  Secure communication  Multi-layer navigation system  Fail to safe when communication fails  Protected access to control of ship 19

20. Address the challenges: Fit the use cases to the restrictions ! 20 BerthDepartureTransitApproachBerth Select:  Long deep-sea-voyage  Low risk cargo  Slow steaming attractiveness  Avoid complications near shore Dry bulk ship on inter- continental voyage. LNG as fuel?

21. Content  Introduction to MUNIN  Rationale for unmanned ships  Main problems with unmanned ship  Application in other domains  Conclusion and summary 21

22. Limitations in communication services: Fallacies of distributed computing assumptions  The network is reliable.  Latency is zero.  Bandwidth is infinite.  The network is secure.  Topology doesn't change.  There is one administrator.  Transport cost is zero.  The network is homogeneous. 22 L. Peter Deutsch, SUN Microsystems We need better methods to integrate QoS of communication in distributed systems design.

23. The right level of autonomy 23 Degree of autonomy Degree of uncertainty Flexible, known responseSimple and robustConstrained freedomFull freedom Fail to safe Automatic Autonomous Intelligent Emergency stop Route keeping Collision avoidance Onboard route planning MUNIN Focus Remote control None Shore side operation centre

24. Need a good method for responsibility sharing between AS and human control 24

25. Organisation of a Remote Control Centre General case (Assumptions) 1 SCC per 100 vessels 1 operator per 6 vessels 1 supervisor per 30 vessels (5 operators) 1 relieve operator (with workstation for 6 ships) per 30 ships 1 situation room per 30 vessels 1 engineer per 30 vessels 1 captain per 30 ships 25

26. Manage risk  Define manageable use cases  Remove complexity  Simplify operations  Provide redundancy  Quantify risks  Verify assumptions  … 26 Fail to safe SCC: Initiate recovery

27. Content  Introduction to MUNIN  Rationale for unmanned ships  Main problems with unmanned ship  Application in other domains  Conclusion and summary 27

28. Is the autonomous ship possible?  Technology is mostly available: Need to be integrated and improved  Integration in maritime transport system is a challenge: Shore, other ships, SAR  Legal issues and liability clearly a potential show stopper today 28

29. What can be transferred to other industry ?  General methods for design of industrial autonomous systems  Effects of communication QoS, better models of wireless QoS  Share of responsibilities between autonomous system and remote control: Level of autonomy?  Design of remote control centres  Risk reduction strategies 29

30. … and afterwards to full scale tests! 30 Thank you for your attention!