1. Data and Database Management System (DBS)

2.  Computer processing involves two components: data and instructions (program). Data used by programming instructions are often accessed in either of two ways.  There are two methods for designing the interface between programs instruction and data. File oriented processing.  The disadvantages of file oriented processing include redundant data and programs and varying formats for storing the redundant data  In file oriented environments, programmer develop physical files to record data and generate output for each desired view of the data. In data oriented environments, programmers develop and integrated data store to record data.

3. Data DBMS Application A Application B Application c EXHIBIT C-1 Database Architecture

4.  A DBMS environment allows the development and maintenance of a data repository that is independent from applications programs.

5. EXHIBIT C-2 Sample Hierarchical Structure

6. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AssetsLiabilitiesEquity Current Assets Current Liabilities Revenue Property, Plant And Equipment Long Term Liabilities Expenses EXHIBIT C-3 Accounting Data In a Hierarchical Structure

7. Name Maureen Rodriguez Steve Anderson Cheryl Gibbs Lyn Hoggan Scott Kirkham Karrie Eaquinto Jim Stice Telephone Number 485-5215 268-9615 377-3216 226-5476 321-9512 462-6387 373-6733 EXHIBIT C-4 A Sample Relational Table

8. Name Telephone Balance Nicol 123-4567 123,456 Benjamin 852-7412 365,412 Tate 951-3578 214,569 Charisse 357-4563 456,321 Marty 632-1587 124,682 Sariah 145-9687 975,632 McKell 875-6891 112,002 Name Telephone Balance 213 01Sep99 Nicol 214 01Sep99 Charisse 215 02Sep99 Benjamin 216 02Sep99 Tate 217 03Sep99 Marty 218 03Sep99 Sariah 219 04Sep99 McKell Item # Description Price Cost 1 Rocket 215 100 2 Violin 250 75 3 Bat 35 22 4 Doll 56 12 Invoice # Item # Qty 213 1 2 214 2 1 215 2 1 216 4 5 217 3 2 218 4 1 CUSTOMER SALE PRODUCT PRODUCT-SALE

9. Record # 1 Record # 2 Record # 3 File Database Employee #Customer #Register #Sale # Fields Record Layout EXHIBIT C-6 File Structure Relationship

10.  To create a physical and logical data environment, the developer begins by using data definition commands to create the data structures. The developer also specifies how data items and structures are related.  Next, the developer creates input/output screens (for collecting or displaying data), queries, reports and document formats.  Programmers can directly input data into the data structures, or they can test their macros, forms and programs to input the initial pool of data.

11.  In some environments, database have been narrowly defined for capturing, maintaining and reporting the data and information for supporting day-to-day business operations. In this environments, database are the key component of the online transaction processing system (OLTP)  An increasing number of IS developers are advocating the use of data warehousing technology to satisfy this need for what is called online analytical processing (OLAP)  Data warehouses contain data from operational databases, as well as data from other. Often external, sources. The objective is to capture and make available the knowledge and information viewed as critical for analysis and decision making. Data warehouses provide summary data as of a certain point in time.