1. With funding from the European Union DEVELOPMENT OF MONITORING INSTRUMENTS FOR JUDICIAL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT INSTITUTIONS IN THE WESTERN BALKANS 2009-2011 Phase three – Training DEVELOPMENT OF MONITORING INSTRUMENTS FOR JUDICIAL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT INSTITUTIONS IN THE WESTERN BALKANS PHASE 3 – POLICE TRAINING Sarajevo, 30 September – 1 st October 2010 Giulia Mugellini – Transcrime, University of Milan

2. SESSION 1 Introductions Programme Guidelines Recommendations How the sessions are organised

3. MY BACKGROUND AND RECENT WORK International Ph.D. in Criminology – University of Milan Internship at UNODC RAS section Lecturer of Crime Statistics and Advanced Crime Statistics at University of Milan since A.A. 2008/2009 Researcher at Transcrime  Managing and doing research  Analysis of data on crime and security  Business Crime Victimisation Survey Observer European Sourcebook of Crime and Criminal Justice Statistics since 2007

4. INTRODUCTIONS FROM PARTICIPANTS

5. RECOMMENDATIONS FROM THE PROGRAMME GUIDELINES RECOMMENDATIONS # 4 Record data on the suspected offender and the victim by crime type; age; sex; ethnicity; offender-victim relationship; citizenship and geographical area of residence. Session 2 # 7 Enhance the use of police crime data at the level of the cantons and entities for analytical and monitoring purposes at the State and regional levels. Session 3-4 # 8 Adopt and disseminate clearly written and standardised counting rules for the recording, aggregation in tables and transmission of crime data. Session 2 # 12 Report statistics on criminal offences disaggregated by crime type; statistics on offenders disaggregated by crime type, age, sex and citizenship and statistics on victims of crime disaggregated by crime type, age, sex, citizenship and victim-offender relationship. Published statistical reports should be accompanied by thorough interpretations of statistical patterns and trends as well as detailed metadata. Session 3-4

6. SESSION 1: The System Approach of CCJ Statistics “3 x 3” approach Because focused on statistics produced by 3 agencies : 1.POLICE statistics 2.PROSECUTION statistics 3.COURT statistics “the output of one agency is the input to another” UNODC 2003, pp. 16-18 Because focused on 3 processes in each agencies: 1.DATA ENTRY: which and how data are collected by the relevant agencies (Police, Prosecution and Court) 2.DATA FLOW: how data are passed on from local to central level within each agency 3.DATA OUTPUT: how data are analysed and disseminated to the public by the different agencies

7. SESSION 1: The 3 x 3 Approach DATA ENTRY DATA FLOW DATA OUTPUT POLICE PROSECUTION DATA ENTRY DATA FLOW DATA OUTPUT DATA ENTRY DATA FLOW DATA OUTPUT COURTS

8. SESSION 1: THE NEED FOR VALID STATISTICS For knowledge-based crime policy.... You need to know ‘the facts’ To interpret your knowledge.... You need to compare across years, and across countries To compare.... Your data need to be comparable within your own jurisdiction over time, and – ideally – with other jurisdictions To be comparable.... Means that common standards have been applied – within the jurisdiction, and over time, and – ideally – the same as other jurisdictions Based on Kauko Aromaa (HEUNI)

9. SESSION 1: CENTRALIZED VS DECENTRALIZED CCJ SYSTEM “One of the major characteristics distinguishing different types of criminal justice statistics is the degree of centralization of data collection and processing, which is typically a reflection of the degree of administrative centralization of the criminal justice system itself”. UN Manual, 2006, p. 6

10. SESSION 2: WRITTEN RULES FOR RECORDING AND COUNTING CRIMES AND SUSPECTS What are the main counting rules? The existence of written counting rules regulating the way in which data are recorded in police crime statistics;. -Across countries in Europe -Across Western Balkans -In BiH What is the present consistency in recording (without written rules)? Resource and training implications

11. COUNTING RULES IN POLICE STATISTICS “…. the rules applied in each country to count offences included in crime statistics. Such rules vary … hence introducing differences in recorded crime rates that do not reflect actual differences in the levels of crime”. Aebi 2003, p. 1. What we know is that there are NO CONSISTENT counting rules across the Western Balkans, or across other countries See Handout #10 However, there is some ‘best practice’ guidance

12. WHAT ARE THE MAIN COUNTING RULES? The moment when data are collected in crime statistics (Input statistics: data are included in statistics when the crime incident is reported to police/ Intermediate statistics: some point in time between the input and the output/Output statistics: data are recorded in statistics when the police have completed the investigation); The application of the principal offence rule; The recording of multiple offences; The recording of offences committed by more than one person

13. 13 Fig. 1 – Existence of written counting rules across European countries. Year 1999-2007. Source: European Sourcebook and CARDS’ TARs Western Balkans: three out of seven countries do not have written counting rules. in some countries, even if there are counting rules of the MoI, these seem not to be adequately shared across all the criminal justice actors.

14. 14 EXISTENCE OF WRITTEN COUNTING RULES IN BiH There are no uniform counting rules issued by a central institution and applied uniformly in all of BiH. In FBiH and in RS there are “written instructions to the police stations to fill in the standard statistical forms”. BDBiH has not written instruction for statistical data collection at the level of police. These rules are not shared by all authorities at the state level. Source: TAR for BiH, p. 11.

15. 15 Fig. 2 – The moment when crime data are recorded across European countries. Year 1999-2007. Source: European Sourcebook and CARDS’ TARs European countries : The majority of European countries has input statistics. Nine countries out of thirty-six use output statistics. Twelve record intermediate statistics. Western Balkans: the majority of WBs presents intermediate statistics, Albania, Croatia and Serbia present output statistics.

16. 16 HOW DOES THE MOMENT WHEN CRIME DATA ARE COLLECTED AFFECT POLICE CRIME STATISTICS? The main thing is to know: if there are input statistics, the crime count is higher Fig. 3 - Index average number of total recorded offences per 100,000 population in 36 European countries, grouped according to specific counting rule. Period 2003-2007. Source: author’s elaboration of European Sourcebook data

17. 17 THE MOMENT WHEN CRIME DATA ARE RECORDED IN CRIME STATISTICS IN BiH Clear information on the moment when crime data are collected for inclusion in statistics was collected for Republika Srpska: “ when the incident has been classified as a crime by the police (input statistics)” TAR BiH, p. 11. Information on this counting rule applied in the other entities of BiH?

18. 18 Fig. 4 – Application of principal offence rule. Year 1999-2007. Source: European Sourcebook and CARDS’ TARs European countries: About half apply a POR, and half do not Western Balkans: only Albania applies the POR.

19. THE PRINCIPAL OFFENCE RULE (POR) International guidelines suggest it may be appropriate to apply a POR when counting and reporting offences. BUT changing to a POR will reduce the crime count, and cause a ‘break’ in the crime statistics series. What is important to know is that if there is no POR, the crime count is higher Fig. 4 - Index average number of total recorded offences per 100,000 population in 36 European countries, grouped according to specific counting rule. Period 2003-2007. Source: author’s elaboration of European Sourcebook data

20. THE PRINCIPLE OFFENCE RULE - EXAMPLE Offences PORNo POR Assault Criminal damage Offences12 Suspects

21. 21 THE PRINCIPAL OFFENCE RULE IN BiH Clear information on the application of the principal offence rule was collected for Republika Srpska: “ in cases involving more than one criminal offence all offences are counted separately ” TAR BiH, p. 11. Information on this counting rule applied in the other entities of BiH?

22. 22 Fig. 5 – Recording of multiple offenders (suspects). Year 1999-2007. Source: European Sourcebook and CARDS’ TARs European countries: counts only one offence when more than one person commit it. Western Balkans situation: the majority of WBs records offences committed by more than one person as one offence, only Kosovo under UNSCR 1244 records them as two or more offences.

23. MULTIPLE OFFENDERS / SUSPECTS IN BiH In Kosovo under UNSCR 1244 the number of offences = the number of offenders In terms of offences is reasonable to count one offence but in terms of suspects, it is reasonable to count two Clear information on the application of the principal offence rule for offenders was collected for Republika Srpska: “ an offence with more than one perpetrators is counted as one offence, with several persons involved ” TAR BiH, p. 11. Information on this counting rule applied in the other entities of BiH?

24. 24 Fig. 6 – Recording of multiple offences (serial offending). Year 1999-2007. Source: European Sourcebook and CARDS’ TARs European countries: the majority records multiple offences as two ore more offences Western Balkans situation: the majority of WBs records multiple offences as two ore more offences, only Albania records them as one offence.

25. MULTIPLE OFFENCES The main thing to know is: if serial offending is recorded as two or more offences, the crime count is higher Fig. 7 - Index average number of total recorded offences per 100,000 population in 36 European countries, grouped according to specific counting rule. Period 2003-2007. Source: author’s elaboration of European Sourcebook data

26. MULTIPLE OFFENCES IN BiH Clear information on the counting of multiple offences was collected for Republika Srpska: “ serial offending is typically counted as only one case and as one offence” TAR BiH, p. 11. Information on this counting rule applied in the other entities of BiH?

27. OTHER COUNTING RULES ISSUES DOC. N. 8: HOME OFFICE COUNTING RULES IS USEFUL Some issues are:  Whether to record a crime, misdemeanour, or incident at all?  ‘No crime-ing’ after recording  ‘Evidenced-based’ recording or ‘prima facie’ recording (i.e. taking the victim’s word)  Crimes per victim or per episode?– e.g. shoplifting in several shops  Classification and re-classification WHAT IS CURRENTLY MOST OFTEN DONE MAY BE THE BEST STARTING POINT FOR FORMALISING WRITTEN RULES

28. PRESENT CONSISTENCY IN COUNTING RULES IN BiH DISCUSSION

29. DESIRED SITUATION FOR BiH  Necessity of written counting rules at the level of entities and at the state level?  Who would take the lead in devising written rules at the level of entities and at the state level?  How would prosecutors be involved?  What learning opportunities would personnel be given?  What testing mechanisms would be put in place?  How would the written rules be revised? DISCUSSION

30. SESSION 2: DATA ON THE SUSPECTED OFFENDERS AND THE VICTIMS Details on suspects and victims Sex and Age  Relevant to Recommendations #4 & #12  Also relevant to Pilot Data Collection Exercise Victim-offender relationships  Relevant to Recommendations #4 & #12  Also relevant to Pilot Data Collection Exercise Ethnicity and citizenship  Recommendation #4 & #12  Also relevant to Pilot Data Collection Exercise Recidivism of offenders  Recommendation #4 & #12

31. DATA ON THE SUSPECTED OFFENDERS AND THE VICTIMS IN BiH “ Data on the suspected offender are recorded in the crime registries of the police in the FBiH, RS and BDBiH. However, only few personal details of the suspected perpetrators are recorded.” TAR of BiH, p. 7. In particular for suspected offenders and victims are recorded details only on: Age category (minor/adult) Recidivism (specify) No information on the offender’s sex, age, citizenship or ethnicity and offender-victim relationship

32. AGE See UN classification for standardisation. < 14 14-16 16-18 18-21 21-24 24-29 29-39 39-49 49-59 > 59 Un-known

33. VICTIM-OFFENDER RELATIONSHIPS The primary interest is in: People known to each other >>> not known to each other  Important for ‘stranger violence’ People who are (or were) partners (‘partner violence’)  Violence by ex-partners seen as important as violence by current partners People who are in a domestic relationship ranging wider than partners (‘domestic violence’) There are several possible classifications

34. VICTIM-OFFENDER RELATIONSHIPS See Handout # 11 INTERNATIONAL CRIME VICTIMISATION SURVEY 1Spouse, partner (at the time) 2 Ex-spouse, ex-partner (at the time) 3 Boyfriend (at the time) 4 Ex-boyfriend (at the time) 5 Relative 6 Close friend 7 Someone he/she works/worked with 8 None of these 9 Refuses to say

35. VICTIM-OFFENDER RELATIONSHIPS See Handout # 11 UN MANUAL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SYSTEM OF CRRIMINAL JUSTICE STATISTICS (pp. 55 AND 60) Spouse Issue of ‘partners’ Ex-spouse Parent Issue of step-parents Child What is a ‘child’ Other family How extended is the ‘family’ Friend Boy-friend / girl-friend? Business relation Acquaintance Stranger Seen before but don’t know? Other The issue is whether known or not

36. ETHNICITY AND CITIZENSHIP See Handout # 12 Example of ethnicity classification from other countries What about citizenship? DISCUSSION

37. RECIDIVISM OF OFFENDERS It is unusual to report on offender recidivism in publications on ‘crime statistics’  More often reported in relation to prosecution or courts statistics There are some problems  What is a recidivist? What counts? Anyone previously arrested? Only those previously sanctioned? But what about police warnings and cautions?

38. DESIRED SITUATION FOR BiH  Necessity of collecting information on these details for suspects and victims?  How could it be implemented? Necessity to change the incident form to register crime? Necessity to add fields in the tables used to transmit the data? DISCUSSION

39. OFFENCES FOR THE PILOT DATA COLLECTION EXERCISE Which of these is going to cause problems? How far are the definitions in footnotes in Handout # 5 the same? Data Collection Exercise All offences Completed Intentional Homicide Violent crime Assault Sexual violence Rape Robbery Drug Trafficking Drug use /possession Migrants smuggling Trafficking in persons Total corruption offences Passive bribery DISCUSSION

40. INFORMATION TO BE COLLECTED IN THE PILOT DATA COLLECTION EXERCISE 1.Number of offences recorded by the police, by offence type 2.Number of persons recorded by the police as suspects, by offence type 3.Profile of persons recorded by the police as suspects, by offence type and Sex Age Citizenship Ethnicity Recidivism 4.Victim-offender relationship, by offence type 5.Profile of victims recorded by the police, by offence type and Sex Age Citizenship Ethnicity See Handout # 5. Which of these is going to cause problems? Some issues have been already discussed in Session 2

41. SESSION 3: DATA OUTPUT - OVERVIEW OF REPORTS OF POLICE DATA AT INTERNATIONAL & NATIONAL LEVEL The need for valid data and common standards Main international compilations of police figures Two examples of national reports  England & Wales  New Zealand

42. INTERNATIONAL REPORTS Not very long-standing All come with substantial caveats World Health Organisation – covers violence (probably least comparable) United Nations Survey on Crime Trends and the Operation of the Criminal Justice System (UN – CTS) European Sourcebook of Crime and Criminal Justice Statistics Eurostat: Statistics in Focus – Crime and Criminal Justice

43. Latest edition 2010 (covering data from 1996 – 2006) Data available Includes data on BiH (2008) Covers more than police-recorded crime - e.g., CJS personnel and prisoner numbers Data requirements have been simplified over time http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/Crime- statistics/International_Statistics_on_Crime_and_Justice.pdf UNITED NATIONS

44. Latest edition 2010 About three previous editions Data available Includes data on BiH (2005, 2006) Much work done on improving and documenting comparability http://www.europeansourcebook.org/ob285_full.pdf EUROPEAN SOURCEBOOK

45. Latest edition 2009 Modelled on Sourcebook Limited commentary, but good notes No data on BiH Seven crime types – Total crime – Homicide – Violent crime – Robbery – Domestic burglary – Theft of motor vehicle – Drug trafficking http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-SF-09-036/EN/KS-SF-09-036-EN.PDF EUROSTAT

46. NATIONAL REPORTS Massive variety of styles Usually annual Sometimes with other criminal justice system information; sometimes not Sometimes with special topics; sometimes not USA – ‘Index’ crimes only Nearly all publically available Now also usually available on the web Data sometimes downloadable

47. ENGLAND & WALES Publication has changed over time Now covers British Crime Survey (BCS) and police figures Produce additional reports - e.g., homicide Also quarterly bulletins Publication tightly controlled by Office of National Statistics rules

48. ENGLAND & WALES (2) Latest publication covers:  Extent of and trends in crime  Violent and sexual crimes  Acquisitive and other property crime  Publications perceptions  Detection of crime  Geographic patterns of crime Most chapters draw on police figures and British Crime Survey.

49. ENGLAND & WALES – GOOD EXAMPLES (1) Discontinuance in police figures  Major changes in offence coverage in 1998  e.g., minor assaults  Also changes in police recording practices  e.g., counting by victims

50. ENGLAND & WALES – GOOD EXAMPLES (2) Information on the age of the victims of crime

51. ENGLAND & WALES – GOOD EXAMPLES (3) Crime classification

52. NEW ZEALAND GOOD POINTS Straightforward Show detection (resolution) figures Monthly online figures BAD POINTS Both fiscal and calendar year publications – too much Little commentary (need to read Police Annual Report as well) Nothing about victims Nothing about offenders

53. NEW ZEALAND (2) Review of statistics in 2009 (last review in 1982) – e.g. recommendation to record victim-offender relationship Another discontinuance in the figures  Major change in computer systems  New system meant fewer offences were ‘lost’  New police recording rules  Bought some area more into line with the areas with the most ‘generous’ recording

54. SESSION 4: DATA OUTPUT - PUBLICATION OF RESULTS, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 1.How are the current ‘publications’ received?  What tables are most needed, used and liked?  What are the main problems in compiling them?  How could these problems be resolved? DISCUSSION 2.How feasible is internet publication? 3.How feasible in publication in English? 4.Do current publications matching different user requirements? DISCUSSION 5.Ways forward with analysis and interpretation

55. THE CURRENT PUBLICATIONS: GOOD AND BAD How are the current ‘publications’ received?  What tables are most needed, used and liked?  What are the main problems in compiling them?  How could these problems be resolved? DISCUSSION

56. INTERNET PUBLICATION? ENGLISH PUBLICATION? USER REQUIREMENTS? How feasible is internet publication? How feasible in publication in English? Do current publications matching different user requirements? DISCUSSION

57. ANALYSIS Doc N. 9: UN Manual – Chapter VI, Annex B & F – some guidelines Analysis: some principles People like some degree of consistency Longer-term figures are useful (not just this year / last year) Per capita rates are useful for:  different areas (crimes / population)  different population groups (offenders x ethnicity / population x ethnicity) Graphical material is good, but keep it simple DISCUSSION

58. INTERPRETATION Most official reports just present the facts  Avoiding – e.g. – “large increase” / “small increase” Important to explain discontinuances in the data  It may be an analysis task to ‘splice’ the data, or rework it “Analysis should normally be limited to presentation and technical interpretation of the data. While users often want interpretive analysis of.. policy implications …a bureau of criminal justice statistics may jeopardize its credibility and perceived objectivity by performing this type of analysis. …. Policy analysis and data interpretation may be more appropriately performed by subject-matter specialists under the guidance of statistical experts.” UN Manual, page 33

59. SESSION 5: ROUND–UP AND FUTURE PLANS Summary of previous sessions – completed during training Future plans

60. WHAT NEEDS MORE ATTENTION [Points from previous sessions] DISCUSSION

61. SHORT-TERM AND LONG-TERM GOALS What are the goals Which are longer-term? Which are shorter-term?

62. SHORT-TERM GOALS – STEPS AND DEADLINES DISCUSSION AND DECISIONS

63. LONGER-TERM GOALS – STEPS AND DEADLINES DISCUSSION AND DECISIONS

64. THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION

65. With funding from the European Union DEVELOPMENT OF MONITORING INSTRUMENTS FOR JUDICIAL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT INSTITUTIONS IN THE WESTERN BALKANS 2009-2011 Phase three – Training DEVELOPMENT OF MONITORING INSTRUMENTS FOR JUDICIAL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT INSTITUTIONS IN THE WESTERN BALKANS PHASE 3 – POLICE TRAINING Sarajevo, 30 September – 1 st October 2010 Giulia Mugellini – Transcrime, University of Milan