1. A subfield within the human branch of geography The study of the interaction of geographical area and political process It is the formal study of territoriality. POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY

2. Political geography Economics supposedly eroding significance of borders. Ethnic minorities feel they deserve states of their own. States under attack from above (global economics) and from below (ethnic communities). Yet states are still powerful, and can respond.

3. A politically organized territory Administered by a sovereign government Recognized by a significant portion of the international community. A state must also contain: – a permanent resident population – an organized economy STATE

4. Nationality and Ethnicity Nationality = tied together through a legal status Ethnicity = groups with distinct ancestry and cultural traditions Race = groups defined narrowly by skin color and other physical characteristics

5. A country whose population possesses a substantial degree of cultural homogeneity and unity. NATION - STATE Classic Example of a Nation-State: Japan

6. Must a nation be a place? Some examples of stateless nations: the Cherokee Nation, the Kurds, the Palestinians NATION

7. Every U.S. citizen = American nationality Every American = belongs to a race Some Americans = identified with ethnicity Multi-ethnic States

8. State-nationstate-multinational state

9. Geographic Characteristics of States SIZE –What role does size play? –What are the most powerful nations on earth today? –What were the most powerful nations on earth 200 years ago?

10. Geographic Characteristics Shape Compact Prorupt Elongated Fragmented Perforated

11. Types of territoriality State Ethnic Religious Racial Fears of “Balkanization” (splitting state) But common defiance of outsiders

12. Pan-isms (Uniting same group from different states) Ethnic:Pan-Arab, Pan-Kurdish Religious:Pan-Islamic Racial:Pan-African States:Pan-American

13. Kurds Ethnic group in Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Syria. Many Kurds for state of Kurdistan. States pit Kurds against each other

14. Iraq Ethnic: Arabs vs. Kurds Religion: Sunnis vs. Shi’as Rulers were Sunni Arab

15. IRAN (Shi’a Persian) vs. IRAQ (Sunni Arab) Yet Iraqi Shi’as fought for Iraq, Iranian Arabs fought for Iran (State territoriality won) Iran-Iraq War, 1980-88 Iranians Iraqis

16. ARMENIA (Christian) vs. AZERBAIJAN (Shi’a Muslim) Yet Shi’a Iran stayed neutral, fearing ethnic Azeris in NW Iran (Ethnic territoriality won) Armenia-Azerbaijan War, 1988-94 Armenian (above) and Azeri views

17. Kashmir conflict (CHINA) INDIA PAKISTAN CHINA KASHMIR INDIA (Hindu) vs. PAKISTAN (Muslim) British India partitioned into two states, 1948. Kashmir had Muslim majority but Hindu ruler. Wars split Kashmir between India, Pakistan, and China (all now have nukes) Indian and Pakistani propaganda maps

18. Cold War propaganda map: “Red menace”

19. View of Communist “Red Bloc” during Cold War Lumping failed to recognize differences among Communists, or local causes of conflict

21. Samuel Huntington theory of Western, Islamic, Slavic, etc. “blocs” in conflict with each other. “Clash of Civilizations” theory

22. Fails to recognize differences within each “bloc.” Most sources of conflict are local (often ethnic), not religious. Often blames the victim for the conflict. The West shares responsibility for conflicts (military aid arms both sides) “Clash of Civilizations” theory

23. Lumping Arabs or Muslims after Sept. 11

24. How Many Americans View the World

25. Cartoon: Bush’s View of the World Problem: some former allies later seen as “evil”

26. GEOPOLITICSGEOPOLITICS State’s power to control territory, shape international policy and other states’ foreign policy State’s power to control territory, shape international policy and other states’ foreign policy

27. Growth of Russian Empire

30. African colonies

31. Decolonization, 1940s-1990s

32. Divide-and-conquer Ethnic nations split between and within colonial empires (British, French, Russian) But “clean” ethnic boundaries also not possible Berlin Conference divides map of Africa, 1884

33. Mackinder’s Heartland Theory (Whoever controls Pivot Area can control the world) The “Great Game” between Britain and Russia, 1800s-1900s

34. Enlargement of Soviet bloc after World War II Berlin Wall, 1961-89

35. NATO and Warsaw Pact, 1945-89

36. Changes in Europe, 1990-93

37. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 2002 Kosovo military zones

38. European Union Began as European Economic Community (EEC), 1957. Stronger in 1994 10 new members to join, 2004 euro

39. United Nations member states Switzerland 2002

40. Other international alliances

41. POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY Interaction of politics and place

42. Geography of Politics Effect of politics on place

43. U.S.- Canada boundary Alberta- Montana

44. U.S.- Mexico boundary Calexico, California- Mexicali, Mexico

45. Politics of Geography Effect of place on politics Example: Making political boundaries

47. Congressional reapportionment

49. Levels of administrative regions

50. ELECTORAL GEOGRAPHY Political Geography of Elections Variation of voting districts and voting patterns

51. U.S. congressional delegation redistricting Reapportionment : allocating seats to a geographic area (after every census)

52. “Gerrymandering” Redistricting for partisan purposes

53. 1860 Presidential Vote Led to Southern secession, Civil War

54. 1996 Presidential Vote

55. 2000 Presidential Vote

56. Davis (D)48% Simon (R)42% Camejo (G) 5% Copeland (L) 2%

57. 205 229 1 I