1. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 10 RACIAL AND ETHNIC INEQUALITY

2. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter Outline Minority, Racial, and Ethnic Groups Prejudice and Discrimination Studying Race and Ethnicity Patterns of Intergroup Relations Race and Ethnicity in the United States Social Policy and Race and Ethnicity: Global ImmigrationSocial Policy and Race and Ethnicity: Global Immigration

3. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Minority, Racial, and Ethnic Groups Racial Groups --This term indicates a group that is set apart from others because of obvious physical differences. Ethnic Groups --This term indicates a group that is set apart from others primarily because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns.  Minority Groups

4. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Minority, Racial, and Ethnic Groups A subordinate group whose members have significantly less control or power than members of the dominant or majority group. Properties of a minority group include: unequal treatment distinguishing cultural characteristics involuntary membership solidarity in-group marriage  Minority Groups

5. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Minority, Racial, and Ethnic Groups Racial Group --The term racial group refers to those minorities set apart from others by obvious physical differences. Biological Significance of Race --There are no “pure races.” --Migration, exploration, and invasion have led to intermingling of races.  Race

6. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Minority, Racial, and Ethnic Groups Social Construction of Race --This term refers to the process whereby people define a group as a race in part on physical characteristics and in part on historical, cultural, and economic factors. --The one drop rule: if a person had a single drop of “Black blood,” they were viewed as nonwhite.  Race

7. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Minority, Racial, and Ethnic Groups Stereotypes --A stereotype is an unreliable generalization about all members of a group that do not recognize individual differences within the group.  Race

8. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Minority, Racial, and Ethnic Groups An ethnic group is set apart from others based on national origin or distinctive cultural patterns. Ethnic groups in the United States include: Hispanic Americans Jewish Americans Irish Americans Italian Americans  Ethnicity

9. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Prejudice and Discrimination Prejudice --Prejudice is a negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority. Ethnocentrism --Ethnocentrism is the tendency to assume that one’s culture and way of life are superior to all others.  Prejudice

10. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Prejudice and Discrimination Discrimination --Discrimination is the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups based on some type of arbitrary bias. --Discrimination persists even for educated and qualified minority members. --The glass ceiling is the invisible barrier blocking promotion of qualified individuals in a work environment because of gender, race, or ethnicity.  Discriminatory Behavior

11. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Prejudice and Discrimination The denial of opportunities and equal rights that results from the normal operations of a society. Institutional discrimination affects some racial and ethnic groups more than others.  Institutional Discrimination

12. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Prejudice and Discrimination Institutional discrimination refers to the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from normal societal operations. Some examples are: requiring English only to be spoken at work preferential admissions policies by colleges restrictive employment-leave policies  Institutional Discrimination

13. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Prejudice and Discrimination Affirmative Action: Positive efforts to recruit minority members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities.  Institutional Discrimination

14. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Studying Race and Ethnicity Three functions of racial prejudice for the dominant group include: --Justification for maintaining an unequal society --Discouraging of subordinate groups from questioning their status --Encouraging support for the existing order  Functionalist Perspective

15. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Studying Race and Ethnicity Exploitation Theory --Racism keeps minorities in low-paying jobs and supplies the dominant group with a supply of cheap labor. --By forcing minorities to accept low wages, capitalists can restrict wages of all workers. --Workers from the dominant group wanting higher wages can be replaced by minorities who must accept lower wages.  Conflict Perspective

16. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Studying Race and Ethnicity Contact Hypothesis --Interracial contact between people of equal status in cooperative circumstances will cause them to become less prejudiced.  Interactionist Perspective

17. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Patterns of Intergroup Behaviors Genocide:The deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation. Expulsion: The forced removal of a people from a region or country. Ethnic Cleansing: Term originating with Serbian forces in 1991 in the newly independent states of Bosnia and Herzegovina. This forced expulsion of Croats and Muslims from the former Yugoslavia had elements of expulsion, torture, sexual abuse, and genocide.  Extreme Behaviors

18. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Patterns of Intergroup Relations Amalgamation occurs when a majority group and a minority group combine to form a new group. The melting pot belief became compelling in the early twentieth century; however, many people were not willing to have certain groups as part of the melting pot. The melting pot analogy, therefore, does not adequately describe dominant-subordinate relations existing in the United States.  Amalgamation

19. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Patterns of Intergroup Relations Assimilation describes the process by which a person forsakes his or her own cultural tradition to become part of a different culture. In general, a minority group member wants to conform to the standards of the dominant group. As persons become more assimilated, they retain fewer of their original cultural characteristics.  Amalgamation

20. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Patterns of Intergroup Relations This term refers to the physical separation of two groups of people in terms of residence. Generally, a dominant group imposes segregation on a minority group. Examples include: apartheid in South Africa housing practices in parts of the United States  Segregation

21. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Patterns of Intergroup Relations Pluralism is based on mutual respect among various groups in a society for one another’s cultures. Pluralism allows a minority group to express its own culture and participate without prejudice in the larger society. Switzerland exemplifies a modern pluralistic state.  Pluralism

22. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Patterns of Intergroup Relations EXTERMINATION or genocide EXPLUSION SUCCESSION or partitioning FUSION or amalgamation or melting pot SEGREGATIONASSIMILATION PLURALISM or multiculturalism Intergroup Relations Continuum Source: Richard T. Schaefer. 2000. Racial and Ethnic Groups. 8 th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice- Hall, Figure 1.4 on p. 25.

23. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Race and Ethnicity in the United States African Americans --African Americans are currently the largest minority group in the United States. --Contemporary prejudice and discrimination patterns against African Americans are rooted in our history of slavery.  Racial Groups

24. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Race and Ethnicity in the United States Native Americans --Native Americans represent a diverse array of cultures. --Native Americans have a teen suicide rate four times the national average. --An increasing number of Americans are claiming identity as Native American.  Racial Groups

25. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Race and Ethnicity in the United States Asian Americans --Asian Americans comprise one of the fastest growing segments of the United States population. --Asian Americans include: Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese and Korean Americans --Asian Americans are often held up as a model or ideal minority group.  Racial Groups

26. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Race and Ethnicity in the United States Hispanics --Hispanics are the largest ethnic minority in the United States. --Hispanics share Spanish language and culture, which can be problematic for assimilation in the U.S. --Hispanic Americans include: Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, Cuban Americans  Ethnic Groups

27. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Race and Ethnicity in the United States Jewish Americans --Jewish Americans constitute 3 percent of the population. --Jewish Americans have high levels of education and professional training. --Jewish Americans, like other groups, face the problem of maintaining cultural heritage and the problem of assimilation.  Ethnic Groups

28. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Race and Ethnicity in the United States White Ethnics --White ethnics are people whose ancestors came from Europe in the last 100 years. --Predominant White ethnic groups include: German Americans, Irish Americans, Italian Americans, and Polish Americans.  Ethnic Groups

29. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Race and Ethnicity in the United States Table 10.1: Relative Economic Positions of Various Racial and Ethnic Groups, 2000

30. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Social Policy and Race and Ethnicity The Issue -- Worldwide immigration is at an all time high. --The constantly increasing number of immigrants puts pressure on the job markets and welfare systems of the countries they enter. --Who should be allowed in? --At what point should immigration be curtailed?  Global Immigration

31. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Social Policy and Race and Ethnicity The Setting -- The immigration of people is not uniform across time or space. --However, more and more migrants who cannot make adequate livings in their home nations are making permanent moves to developed nations. --Fear and resentment of this growing racial and ethnic diversity is a key factor in opposition to immigration.  Global Immigration

32. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Social Policy and Race and Ethnicity Sociological Insights -- Immigration provides many valuable functions. --Receiving nations, it alleviates labor shortages such as in the areas of health care and technology in the United States. --For the sending nation, migration can relieve economies unable to support large numbers of people. Continued…  Global Immigration

33. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Social Policy and Race and Ethnicity Sociological Insights -- Conflict theorists note how much of the debate over immigration is phrased in economic terms. --But this debate intensifies when the arrivals are of different racial and ethnic backgrounds from the host population.  Global Immigration

34. McGraw-Hill © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Social Policy and Race and Ethnicity Policy Initiatives -- The entire world feels the overwhelming impact of economic globalization on immigration patterns. --The intense debate over immigration reflects deep value conflicts in the culture of many nations. --Hostility to potential immigrants and refugees reflects not only racial, ethnic, and religious prejudice, but also a desire to maintain the dominant culture of the in-group by keeping out those viewed as outsiders.  Global Immigration