1. Urban Government Urban Crisis 5

2. Overview Effects of Urban/Surburban Divide Metropolitan Government and Regionalization

3. Effects Overall data: –Not just higher percentage of blacks in cities, but economic situation within those cities 1970: 27% of census tracts in urban areas were “poverty,” and 6% of these were “extreme poverty” 1990: 39% of census tracts in urban areas were “poverty,” and 14% of these were “extreme poverty” –Poverty rate more than doubled that of suburbs

4. Effects Concentration of blacks in poverty areas –1980: 2.0% of all U.S. non-Hispanic white poor people, 21.1% of all U.S. black poor people 15.9% of all U.S. Hispanic poor people lived in ghettos. Thus, over two-thirds of the ghetto poor are black and Hispanic. –1990: 71% of low-income, black, central-city residents lived in poverty neighborhoods 40% of low-income, white, central city residents

5. Effects Most children living in high-poverty areas attend racially segregated schools: –1996: 8% of nation’s school children attend schools with 90% black/latino enrollment but over 90% were located in central cities –Impact on education? Recent test score datatest score data

6. Effects Employment –Inner city unemployment 2 to 3 times higher than national average –Impact of low employment/joblessness

7. Effects Segregation in city/suburb divide based on: –race/ethnicity –class –age

8. Effects Racial covenants: –“A Realtor should never be instrumental in introducing into a neighborhood a character of property or occupancy, members of any race or nationality, or any individual whose presence will clearly be detrimental to property values in the neighborhood.” -- National Association of Real Estate Boards National Realty Code, Article 34

9. Effects Supreme Court rules that racially restrictive convenants are unenforceable by courts Shelly v. Kraemer (1948) Common Interest Development –Homebuyers own property and have a stake in the community allows for imposition of variety of convenants, contracts, restrictions (CCR)

10. Effects Examples of CCR: –painting, lawn care, public displays –age, visitors, guest stays

11. Effects Another tool: Zoning –Regulation of land use by municipal government Lot size Land Use Construction –Note: Supreme Court has ruled that discrimination based on income is not unconstitutional see James v. Valtierra (1971) and Shaffer v. Valtierra (1971)

12. Metropolitan Government Managing Sprawl City Finances and the Federal Model