1. Latin American Economic Geography Chapter 6

2. Modern latifundia Expansion of Cattle Ranching – Deforestation – Soil erosion From family ownership to corporate ownership Corporate plantations and commercial farms Sugarcane – Caribbean islands (began in Brazil) – From trapiches to ingenios to centrales Cuba & Dominican Republic (1500s to present) Henequen – Yucatan Peninsula (early 20 th century) Coffee – Central America, Colombia, Brazil – Began in Costa Rica (Meseta Central) late 1800s – Small family farms in Costa Rica & Colombia (Antioquia) – Large estates in Guatemala, El Salvador, & Brazil

3. Bananas – Caribbean Lowlands of Central America – United Fruit Co. of Boston – Began in Costa Rica at end of 1800s – All throughout Central America during early 1900s – Later also in Pacific coastal lowlands in C.R., Panama, & Ecuador Globalization and Neoliberal trade policies – Structural Adjustment programs and Non-traditional Agriculture – Maximize export and generate foreign currency revenue – Multinational Corporations & large commercial farms – Ex. Augusto Pinochet in Chile Pineapples – Central America Melons – Central America Citrus fruits – Central America Grapes, cherries, peaches, nectarines – Chile – For northern hemisphere during winter (southern summer growing)

4. Land Use and Land Tenure in Latin America Minifundia – Traditional agriculture Slash-and-burn (roza y quema), shifting cultivation, swidden, milpa Intensive farming – terraces, raised fields (chinampas), irrigation – Traditional houses – adobe, bajareque, thatch Land Reform – Mexican Revolution of 1910 Ejido – U.S. opposition – CIA “Operation Success” in Guatemala (1954) – Cuban Revolution 1959 – Nicaraguan Revolution 1979 Land colonization – Spontaneous – push factors: due to inequitable land tenure Expansion of latifundia (commercial farms, cattle ranching) Leads to deforestation – Directed – by government agency or program – Semi-directed – Mennonites in Mexico and Paraguay

5. Contemporary Cities and Urban Geography in Latin America Chapter 7