1. Chapter 4: Cells and Energy
Unit 2: Cells
Chapter 4: Cells and Energy

2. Chapter 4: Cells and Energy
UNIT 2: Cells
Chapter 4: Cells and Energy
I. Chemical Energy and ATP (4.1)
A. The ________________used for most cell processes is carried by _______
1. All ________-based molecules in _____ store chemical energy in their ________

3.  a. _________________ and _________ most important energy sources.
b. Energy comes from food indirectly 
   

4. 2. All cells use energy carried by _________
a. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is molecule that transfers energy from breakdown of food
b. ATP carries energy cells can use
c. Used for ________________,__________ ____________ by ___________ transport, etc.
   

5.  3. Energy of ATP released when ___________ __________ is removed
a. Bond holding third phosphate group is unstable and very easily broken 
   

6. b. When loses 3rd phosphate group, ATP become _______ (adenosine diphosphate)
1). ADP is a lower energy molecule than ATP
2). Can be converted back into ATP with addition of ________ (adding phosphate group)   
   

7. 3). The breakdown of ATP to ADP and
3). The breakdown of ATP to ADP and production of ATP from ADP can be represented by ________.
4). This requires complex group of proteins to help.   
   

8. The most important energy storing compound is ______
ATP A P
ADP +P
Energy

9. B. Organisms break down _________-based molecules to produce ________
1. ________ you eat does not contain _____
a. Food must first be __________ (break down into smaller molecules)
b. Foods provide different amounts of energy (__________) 
   

10.  2. Number of ATP molecules depends on type of molecule broken down (___________, _________, __________)
a. __________________ most commonly broken down to make ATP
b. Break down of ____________ yields _______ molecules of ATP
   

11. 3. Fats store about 80% of energy in your body
a. When broken down, yield the most ATP
b. A typical triglyceride yields about ________ molecules of ATP   
   

12. 4. ____________ have about as much ATP as carbohydrates
a. Less likely to be broken down
b. ______________ needed to build new proteins
   

13. 5. _________ also need ATP
a. Plants do not eat to obtain energy
b. Use energy produced by _______________ (make sugars from sunlight)
   

14. C. A few types of organisms do not need sunlight and photosynthesis as a source of energy
1. Some organisms use _________________ to produce energy (sugars)
2. Used by organisms in hydrothermal vents (deep ocean)   
   

15. II. Overview of Photosynthesis (4.2)
A. Photosynthetic organisms are _________
1. Producers make their own source of ___________________
   

16. 2. Plants use _______________ and are producers  
   
a. ______________ is process that captures _________ from sunlight to make _________ that store chemical energy

17. b. Uses __________ light made up of several colors (wavelengths) of light.

18.  1). Plants use molecule in _____________ called __________________
2). Two main types of chlorophyll

19.  a. Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b
b. Absorb mostly ______ and ______ wavelengths.
   
c. Plants appear __________ because reflect green light (not absorbed)

20. B. Photosynthesis in plants occurs in ____________
1. Most of chloroplast are in leaf cells
   

21. 2. Two main parts of _______________ needed for photosynthesis
a. _______- stacks of coin-shaped, membrane- enclosed compartments called ____________.
b. Membrane in thylakoids contain _________________
c. _________ is the fluid that surrounds grana
   

22. C. Photosynthesis occurs in two main stages
1. _____________________ (capture energy from sunlight)
   
a. Occurs within and across membrane of _____________
b. ______ and _____________ are needed.

23. c. Light dependent reactions
1). _________________ absorbs energy from sunlight. (photosystem)
   

24. 2). ___________ transferred along thylakoid membrane.
 3). ________ molecules broken down.
 4).___________molecules produced
   

25.  3). H2O molecules ______________.
 4). Oxygen molecules ____________
   

26. 2. _____________________(uses energy produced from light-dependent reactions)
a. Occur in the ___________ of chloroplasts   
   

27. b. ___________ needed
1). ________ added to cycle to build larger molecules (____________cycle)
2). _________ from light dependent reactions is used
3). Molecule of simple sugar is produced (usually __________C6H12O6)
   

28. 6___ + 6___ → →→→→_______ + 6___
3. Equation for whole photosynthetic process
 6___ + 6___ → →→→→_______ + 6___
   
____, _______

29. O2 ______ cycle CO2 ________________Reactions Glucose ADP NADP NADPH
ATP
NADPH
________________Reactions
______ cycle O2
Glucose

30. D. Functions of Photosynthesis
1. Plant produce ________ for themselves and other organisms
2. Animals use ________ produced by photosynthesis in __________________(released stored energy)

31.  3. It provides materials for plant growth and development (simple sugars bonded together to form carbohydrates like ________ and ____________)   
   

32. 4. Regulates Earth’s environment (removes __________________from Earth’s atmosphere)  
   

33. Which of the graphs represents the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis?

34. Which of the graphs represents the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis?

35. III. Overview of Cellular Respiration (4.4)
A. Cellular respiration makes _______ by breaking down _________ and other carbon- based molecules to make ATP
   
1. Cellular respiration is ________ (requires __________)
2. Takes place in _________________ (cell“powerhouse”)

36. B. Process starts with _____________ (means “glucose breaking”)
1. 6-carbon glucose broken into two 3- carbon molecules of pyruvic acid
2. Produces 2 molecules of _______ (makes 4, but uses 2 ATP = net of 2 ATP)

37. 3. anaerobic process (does not require _________)
4. Takes place in _______________
5. Products of glycolysis used in respiration process.
   

38. C. Cellular respiration is like mirror image of _____________________
1. Chemical equation for cellular respiration is basically the ___________- of that for photosynthesis
2. Structures in __________________ and ________________ are similar
6CO2 + 6H2O → →→→→____________ + 6_______ ____________ + ________ → →→→6CO2 + 6H2O
   

39. D. Cellular Respiration takes place in two main stages  
1. Krebs cycle- takes place in interior space of ______________.

40.  a. 3-carbon molecules produced in glycolysis are broken down in a cycle of chemical reactions
   
b. _____________is given off (CO2)
c. _______ produced is transferred to 2nd stage (energy in the form of ATP and other “charged” molecules- NADH and FADH2)

41. 2. Electron Transport Chain-
a. Takes place in inner membrane
b. Energy transferred to electron transport chain

42.  c. _________ enters process and picks up electrons and hydrogen to make H2O (water)
d. ________ produced (34 to 36 molecules) for a total of 36 to 38 including glycolysis
e. Many ___________ required for process
    2 2 32

43. E. Overall equation of cellular respiration
_______ + 6_____ → →→→6____ + 6____   
   

44. F. Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration (reactants of photosynthesis are same as products of cellular respiration)
   

45. IV. Fermentation (4.6)
A. Fermentation allows _________ to continue
1. Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue making _____ when _________ is unavailable

46.  2. Fermentation is an ___________ process
   
a. Occurs when oxygen not available for cellular respiration
  b. Does not produce ATP
3. NAD+ is recycled to glycolysis

47. B. ________________fermentation- occurs in muscle cells
1. Glycolysis splits __________ into two pyruvate molecules
2. Pyruvate and NADH enter fermentation
   

48.  3. Energy from NADH converts pyruvate into lactic acid
4. NADH is changed back into NAD+
   

49. C. ___________ fermentation- similar to lactic acid fermentation
1. Products of alcoholic fermentation include ______, ______, ______
2. Glycolysis splits glucose and products enter fermentation

50.  3. Energy from NADH is used to spit pyruvate into an alcohol and carbon dioxide
4. NADH is changed back into NAD+
5. NAD+ is recycled to glycolysis 

51. Energy and Exercise
Quick Energy
Cells contain only enough ATP for a few seconds of intense activity
Then cells rely on _____________fermentation (can supply for about 90 seconds)
Lactic acid build-up causes ___________ in muscles. Only way to get rid of lactic acid is chemical pathway that requires oxygen (why you breathe heavy after heavy excercise.)

52. Long Term Energy
Cellular respiration only way to produce continuous supply of_______
Energy stored in muscles and other tissue in form of carbohydrate ____________
Enough glycogen for about 15 to 20 min.
When glycogen used up, body breaks down other stored molecules including _______, for energy.

53. A variety of organic molecules can be utilized to produce energy
A variety of organic molecules can be utilized to produce energy. These molecules enter the Krebs cycle different stages.