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Photosynthesis
Energy & Life
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Autotrophs
Plants and some other types of organisms that contain chlorophyll are able to use light energy from the sun to produce food.
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Glucose
Glucose is a monosaccharide
C6H12O6
One Molecule of glucose Stores 90 Times More Chemical Energy Than One Molecule of ATP
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Photosynthesis
Involves the Use Of light Energy to convert Water (H20) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) into Oxygen (O2) and High Energy Carbohydrates (sugars, e.g. Glucose) & Starches
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5. The Photosynthesis Equation
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Pigments
In addition to water, carbon dioxide, and light energy, photosynthesis requires Pigments
Chlorophyll is the primary light-absorbing pigment in autotrophs
Chlorophyll is found inside chloroplasts
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Light & Pigments
Different pigments absorb different wavelengths of light
Photons of light “excite” electrons in the plant’s pigments
Excited electrons carry the absorbed energy
Excited electrons move to HIGHER energy levels
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8. It Begins with Sunlight!
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Inside A Chloroplast
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10. Structure of the Chloroplast
Double membrane organelle
Outer membrane smooth
Inner membrane forms stacks of connected sacs called thylakoids
Thylakoid stack is called the granun (grana-plural)
Gel-like material around grana called stroma
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Function of the Stroma
Light Independent reactions occur here
ATP used to make carbohydrates like glucose
Location of the Calvin Cycle
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12. Photosynthesis Overview
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13. Light Dependent Reactions
Occurs across the thylakoid membranes
Uses light energy
Produce Oxygen from water
Convert ADP to ATP
Also convert NADP+ into the energy carrier NADPH
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14. Light Dependent Reaction
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15. Light Reaction Summary
Reactants:
H2O
Light Energy
Energy Products:
ATP
NADPH
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16. Light Independent Reaction
ATP & NADPH from light reactions used as energy
Atmospheric C02 is used to make sugars like glucose and fructose
Six-carbon Sugars made during the Calvin Cycle
Occurs in the stroma
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17. Factors Affecting the Rate of Photosynthesis
Amount of available water
Temperature
Amount of available light energy
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18. Cellular Respiration

19. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells- Supplies Energy
Adenosine Triphosphate
Organic molecule containing high-energy Phosphate bonds

20. Chemical Structure of ATP
Adenine Base
3 Phosphates
Ribose Sugar
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21. How Do We Get Energy From ATP?
By breaking the high- energy bonds between the last two phosphates in ATP

22. When is ATP Made in the Body?
During a Process called Cellular Respiration that takes place in both Plants & Animals

23. Overall Equation for Cellular Respiration
C6H12O O2
YIELDS
6CO2 + 6H20 + Energy

24. Other Cellular Respiration Facts
Metabolic Pathway that breaks down carbohydrates
Process is Exergonic as High-energy Glucose is broken into CO2 and H2O

25. Where Does Cellular Respiration Take Place?
It actually takes place in two parts of the cell:
Glycolysis occurs in the Cytoplasm
Krebs Cycle & ETC Take place in the Mitochondria

26. Diagram of the Process Occurs across Cristae Occurs in Cytoplasm
Occurs in Matrix

27. Glycolysis Summary Requires input of 2 ATP
Takes place in the Cytoplasm
Anaerobic (Doesn’t Use Oxygen)
Requires input of 2 ATP
Glucose split into two molecules of Pyruvate or Pyruvic Acid
Also produces 2 NADH & 4 ATP

28. Fermentation Occurs when O2 NOT present (anaerobic)
Called Lactic Acid fermentation in muscle cells (makes muscles tired)
Called Alcoholic fermentation in yeast (produces ethanol)
Nets only 2 ATP

29. Krebs Cycle Summary Requires Oxygen (Aerobic)
Cyclical series of oxidation reactions that give off CO2 and produce one ATP per cycle
Turns twice per glucose molecule
Produces two ATP
Takes place in matrix of mitochondria

30. Krebs Cycle Summary
Each turn of the Krebs Cycle also produces 3NADH, 1FADH2, and 2CO2
Therefore, For each Glucose molecule, the Krebs Cycle produces 6NADH, 2FADH2, 4CO2, and 2ATP

31. Krebs Cycle
ATP
NETS: 3NADH, 1ATP, 1FADH2, & 2CO2

32. Electron Transport Chain Summary
34 ATP Produced
H2O Produced
Occurs Across Inner Mitochondrial membrane
Uses coenzymes NAD+ and FAD+ to accept e- from glucose
NADH = 3 ATP’s
FADH2 = 2 ATP’s

33. Electron Transport Chain Animation