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Photosynthesis Energy & Life copyright cmassengale
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Autotrophs Plants and some other types of organisms that contain chlorophyll are able to use light energy from the sun to produce food. copyright cmassengale
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Glucose Glucose is a monosaccharide C6H12O6 One Molecule of glucose Stores 90 Times More Chemical Energy Than One Molecule of ATP copyright cmassengale
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Photosynthesis Involves the Use Of light Energy to convert Water (H20) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) into Oxygen (O2) and High Energy Carbohydrates (sugars, e.g. Glucose) & Starches copyright cmassengale
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The Photosynthesis Equation
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Pigments In addition to water, carbon dioxide, and light energy, photosynthesis requires Pigments Chlorophyll is the primary light-absorbing pigment in autotrophs Chlorophyll is found inside chloroplasts copyright cmassengale
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Light & Pigments Different pigments absorb different wavelengths of light Photons of light “excite” electrons in the plant’s pigments Excited electrons carry the absorbed energy Excited electrons move to HIGHER energy levels copyright cmassengale
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It Begins with Sunlight!
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Inside A Chloroplast copyright cmassengale
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Structure of the Chloroplast
Double membrane organelle Outer membrane smooth Inner membrane forms stacks of connected sacs called thylakoids Thylakoid stack is called the granun (grana-plural) Gel-like material around grana called stroma copyright cmassengale
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Function of the Stroma Light Independent reactions occur here ATP used to make carbohydrates like glucose Location of the Calvin Cycle copyright cmassengale
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Photosynthesis Overview
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Light Dependent Reactions
Occurs across the thylakoid membranes Uses light energy Produce Oxygen from water Convert ADP to ATP Also convert NADP+ into the energy carrier NADPH copyright cmassengale
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Light Dependent Reaction
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Light Reaction Summary
Reactants: H2O Light Energy Energy Products: ATP NADPH copyright cmassengale
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Light Independent Reaction
ATP & NADPH from light reactions used as energy Atmospheric C02 is used to make sugars like glucose and fructose Six-carbon Sugars made during the Calvin Cycle Occurs in the stroma copyright cmassengale
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Factors Affecting the Rate of Photosynthesis
Amount of available water Temperature Amount of available light energy copyright cmassengale
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Cellular Respiration
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What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells- Supplies Energy
Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high-energy Phosphate bonds
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Chemical Structure of ATP
Adenine Base 3 Phosphates Ribose Sugar Copyright Cmassengale
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How Do We Get Energy From ATP?
By breaking the high- energy bonds between the last two phosphates in ATP
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When is ATP Made in the Body?
During a Process called Cellular Respiration that takes place in both Plants & Animals
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Overall Equation for Cellular Respiration
C6H12O O2 YIELDS 6CO2 + 6H20 + Energy
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Other Cellular Respiration Facts
Metabolic Pathway that breaks down carbohydrates Process is Exergonic as High-energy Glucose is broken into CO2 and H2O
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Where Does Cellular Respiration Take Place?
It actually takes place in two parts of the cell: Glycolysis occurs in the Cytoplasm Krebs Cycle & ETC Take place in the Mitochondria
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Diagram of the Process Occurs across Cristae Occurs in Cytoplasm
Occurs in Matrix
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Glycolysis Summary Requires input of 2 ATP
Takes place in the Cytoplasm Anaerobic (Doesn’t Use Oxygen) Requires input of 2 ATP Glucose split into two molecules of Pyruvate or Pyruvic Acid Also produces 2 NADH & 4 ATP
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Fermentation Occurs when O2 NOT present (anaerobic)
Called Lactic Acid fermentation in muscle cells (makes muscles tired) Called Alcoholic fermentation in yeast (produces ethanol) Nets only 2 ATP
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Krebs Cycle Summary Requires Oxygen (Aerobic)
Cyclical series of oxidation reactions that give off CO2 and produce one ATP per cycle Turns twice per glucose molecule Produces two ATP Takes place in matrix of mitochondria
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Krebs Cycle Summary Each turn of the Krebs Cycle also produces 3NADH, 1FADH2, and 2CO2 Therefore, For each Glucose molecule, the Krebs Cycle produces 6NADH, 2FADH2, 4CO2, and 2ATP
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Krebs Cycle ATP NETS: 3NADH, 1ATP, 1FADH2, & 2CO2
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Electron Transport Chain Summary
34 ATP Produced H2O Produced Occurs Across Inner Mitochondrial membrane Uses coenzymes NAD+ and FAD+ to accept e- from glucose NADH = 3 ATP’s FADH2 = 2 ATP’s
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Electron Transport Chain Animation
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