1. AGRICULTURAL LAND USE Agriculture – the deliberate tending of crops and livestock in order to produce food and fiber Less than 2% of Americans are farmers > Agricultural production is at an all- time high >Mechanization and farm consolidation has forced small farmers off the land

2. Culture dictates how land is divided and for what purposes Islam and Judaism avoid? Hindus do not consume?

3. *The key contribution of agriculture Allowed people to settle permanently in one location with the assurance that food would be available

4. EARLY ‘FARMING’ HUNTERS & GATHERERS Hunting is done with poisoned spears, bows & arrows, clubs, and sticks; may even poison a water supply and track the animals Only about 250,000 people throughout the world San in Southern Africa, Aboriginial people of Australia, Native Americans of Brazil

5. H/Gers must overcome great odds everyday for survival Tools – from clubs to spears to axes, the controlled use of fire, baskets for collecting berries, Drought is the worst enemy Must have a working knowledge of every berry, nut, root, seed, and beetle primitive rafts for the fishermen, metal working – early evidence of copper, gold, and iron being hammered into arrowheads

6. FIRST AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION – Plants/Seeds A. 10,000-12,000 years ago, closely aligned with the declining Ice Age, accompanied by a modest population explosion – B. Hearths or source region of plant domestication and specific products –

7. ANIMAL DOMESTICATION No firm date as to when domestication occurred Goats, pigs, and sheep rapidly incorporated into captivity SEAsia – pigs, water buffalo, chickens SAsia – cattle, elephant SWAsia – goat, sheep, camel Inner Asia – yak, horse, goat, sheep, reindeer Mesoamerica – llama, alpaca, pig, turkey ***Different species in different areas***

8. B. DIFFUSION OF AGRICULTURE Blurred the original spatial patterns Great emphasis on inhabited areas of Eurasia Less on Americas- Australia-Africa *Areas that had agriculture and domesticated animals developed quicker.

9. C. SECOND AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION 1. Agriculture underwent significant change during the 17th and 18th centuries Tools & equipment, soil preparation, fertilization, crop care, techniques in harvesting improved, food storage 2. Productivity increased to meet demand Machines/tractors doing the work instead of humans

10. 1. Laboratories and plant nurseries –biotechnology and genetic engineering –higher yielding strains of grain 3. Other crops –Wheat, corn, tomatoes, bananas have benefited – Methods for fattening livestock faster D. THIRD AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION: Also known as the “Green Revolution” 2. First experimented with in the Philippines Scientists crossed a dwarf Chinese variety of rice with an Indonesian variety and got IT8 Bigger “head” of rice Stronger stem – would not break Better yields 4. Consequently…famines have been abated 5. But genetic products require more fertilization and pesticides Reduces the organic matter in the soil and leads to groundwater pollution Some farmers do not have access or money for genetic seeds and so they are at a competitive disadvantage

11. SUBSISTENCE FARMING – growing only enough to survive –Shifting cultivation interpreted as slash- and-burn > Seems less efficient But is less damaging to soil, Uses substantially less energy

12. Alternatives – European powers sometimes in their zeal to help…. forced subsistence farmers to sell excess thereby increasing cash reserves devote some land for cash crops (Ethiopian cotton, Brazilian coffee, Colombian tobacco, Australian wool, Argentinean beef) Conducted soil surveys, built irrigation systems, lent money for start up costs

13. Alternatives – European powers sometimes in their zeal to help…. –Resulting in… severe famine changing of the entire economic system to a more intensive farming and cash cropping inequitable resource/land distribution system leading to a very wealthy, elite class and poor people being left behind