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Chapter 9 Cell Respiration
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Cell Respiration Food provides living things with the energy needed to live and reproduce Energy in food is measured in calories –Energy to raise 1 g water 1°C –Calorie = 1000 calories The process of releasing energy from glucose starts with a pathway called glycolysis.
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Energy Options
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Overview of Cell Respiration Cellular respiration is the process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen. Chemical equation: C 6 H 12 O 6 +6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy … exact opposite of photosynthesis… this makes a cycle
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Cell Respiration = glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain Glucose Glycolysis Cytoplasm Pyruvic acid Electrons carried in NADH Krebs Cycle Electrons carried in NADH and FADH 2 Electron Transport Chain Mitochondrion
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Glycolysis Glycolysis is process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3-carbon compound - Occurs in cytoplasm of cell -The energy from glycolysis is stored in 2 ATP molecules - 4 high-energy electrons are accepted by NAD+ to make NADH, which goes to the electron transport chain
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Glycolysis
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Energy in Absence of Oxygen o Fermentation: releases energy from food without using oxygen… known as anaerobic respiration “not in air” o Fermentation starts with glycolysis and then converts NADH to NAD+ to allow glycolysis to continue producing ATP
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o There are 2 main types: –Alcoholic fermentation produces ethyl alcohol, carbon dioxide NAD+ Carried out by yeast and other microscopic organisms Used in bread making
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–Lactic acid fermentation Produces lactic acid, NAD+ Occurs in your muscles when there is not enough oxygen and unicellular organisms Results in cramps because lactic acid builds up Used in production of cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, sour cream
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The Krebs cycle During the Krebs cycle, pyruvic acid from glycolysis is used to make carbon dioxide, NADH, ATP, and FADH 2.
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Electron Transport The electron transport chain used high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP to ATP.
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Net ATP Production
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Glucose 2 Pyruvic acid Krebs Cycle
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Energy and Exercise A runner has enough stored ATP for about 50 meters, then the muscles need to use lactic acid fermentation to produce ATP in addition to cellular respiration – last about 90 seconds
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Your body stores long-term energy in the form of the carbohydrate glycogen (15-20 minute store), then as fats… these are broken down for exercise longer than 90 seconds
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Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration PhotosynthesisCellular Respiration FunctionEnergy captureEnergy release LocationChloroplastsMitochondria ReactantsCO 2 and H 2 OC 6 H 12 O 6 and O 2 ProductsC 6 H 12 O 6 and O 2 CO 2 and H 2 O Equation6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy C 6 H 12 O 6 +6O 2
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