1. Critical and Scientific Thinking in Psychology chapter 1

2. Critical Thinking Define What are Critical Thinkers able to do? What is it not? Why is Critical Thinking fundamental to science?

3. 8 Essential Guidelines to Critical Thinking

4. Ask Questions; Be Willing to Wonder Explain

5. Define Your Terms Explain For scientists? Hypothesis-Define Operational Definition- Define

6. Examine the Evidence Explain What must a claim be backed with? Give and Explain Autism Example

7. Analyze Assumptions and Biases Explain What do researchers do with their own assumptions? Principle of Falsifiability- Define –How else would you say it?

8. Avoid Emotional Reasoning Explain

9. Don’t Oversimplify Explain Argument of Anecdote- Define –Ex What do Critical Thinkers want?

10. Consider other Interpretations Explain Theory- Define What do Critical Thinkers do before settling on an explanation?

11. Tolerate Uncertainty Explain Sometimes-1) 2) What happens in science? What does this not mean?

12. What is true Critical Thinking according to Richard W. Paul?

13. Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts

14. Descriptive Methods- Def

15. Case Studies Define- May include? Used by? Illustrates? Drawbacks?

16. Observational Studies Define Naturalistic- Define –Pros –Cons Laboratory- Define –Pros –Cons

17. Psychological Tests Define –Objective Tests- Define AKA –Projective Tests- Define Used For?

18. Standardized- Define Norms- Define –How to develop norms?

19. Reliable- Define Valid- Define –How is it measured? Criticism of Tests

20. Surveys Define Representative Sample- Define –What’s the problem? –People don’t realize? –Volunteer Bias- Define –Another Problem? –What might questions reflect?

21. Correlational Studies: Looking for Relationships

22. Correlational Study- Define

23. Measuring Correlations Correlation- Def Variables- Def

24. Positive Correlations- Define –Examples Negative Correlations- Define –Example Uncorrelated- Define –Examples

25. Coefficient of Correlation- Define –Perfect Positive –Perfect Negative –No Association

26. Cautions about Correlations Important to Remember? –Stork Example –Children and TV example? Moral of the story?

27. The Experiment: Hunting For Causes

28. Experiment- Define –Informed Consent- Define –APA treatment of Animals?

29. Experimental Variables Explain the Smoking Experiment? Independent Variable- Define Dependent Variable- Define Ideally? Ensures?

30. Experimental and Control Conditions Control Conditions- Define Control in smoking experiment? Experimental in smoking experiment? Random Assignment- Define Placebo- Define –In smoking experiment? Explain Divorced Parents Study –Findings –Flaws

31. Experimenter Effects Single-Blind Study- Define Experimenter Effect- Define Double-Blind Study- Define –How would this be done in smoking experiment?

32. Advantages and Limitations of Experiments Limitations? Field Research- Define –Example

33. Evaluating the Findings

34. What needs to be done once you have the results –1) –2) –3)

35. Why Psychologists Use Statistics First step? Descriptive Statistics- Define Arithmetic Mean- Define –Be careful? Standard Deviation- Define Inferential Statistics- Define Significance Tests- Define –Smoking Experiment

36. From Laboratory to Real Life Choosing the Best Explanation-Explain –Sometimes the best interpretation emerges? –Cross-Sectional Study- Define –Longitudinal Study- Define

37. From Laboratory to Real Life Con’t Judging the Result’s Importance- Explain –Meta-Analysis- Define What does it tell researchers?