Cellular Respiration Harvesting Chemical Energy. Review: Oxidation and Reduction Oxidized atom Electron is donated Energy is donated Reduced atom Electron.

Cellular Respiration Harvesting Chemical Energy

Review: Oxidation and Reduction Reduced atom Electron is received Energy is received This atom served as an energy carrier. It picked up an electron from the atom on the left and gave it to the one on the right. InstructionsInstructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | FermentationReview# CarbonsOverviewGlycolysisAcetyl CoAKrebs CycleElectron transportSummaryFermentation Oxidized atom Electron is donated Energy is donated

InstructionsInstructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | FermentationReview# CarbonsOverviewGlycolysisAcetyl CoAKrebs CycleElectron transportSummaryFermentation 4 Why cellular respiration?  Cells carry out the reactions of cellular respiration in order to produce ATP. ATP is used by the cells for energy.  All organisms need energy, therefore all organisms carry out cellular respiration.  The energy needed to produce ATP comes from glucose.  The equation for cellular respiration is: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + 36 ATP (it is the reverse of the equation for photosynthesis.)

InstructionsInstructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | FermentationReview# CarbonsOverviewGlycolysisAcetyl CoAKrebs CycleElectron transportSummaryFermentation 5  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + 36 ATP Cellular Respiration During cellular respiration, the electrons (hydrogen atoms) in glucose will be removed in a number of steps. Will be reduced Will be oxidized  Oxidation-reduction  Oxidation is e- loss;  Reduction is e- gain  Reducing agent:e - donor  Oxidizing agent:: e - acceptor

InstructionsInstructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | FermentationReview# CarbonsOverviewGlycolysisAcetyl CoAKrebs CycleElectron transportSummaryFermentation 7 Will be reduced Will be oxidized  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + 36 ATP Cellular Respiration During this process, ATP will be produced. The electrons (hydrogen atoms) in glucose will be passed to oxygen to form water.

InstructionsInstructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | FermentationReview# CarbonsOverviewGlycolysisAcetyl CoAKrebs CycleElectron transportSummaryFermentation 8 C 6 etc.  In the slides that follow, the designations listed below will be used. »C 6 = a molecule that contains six-carbon atoms (example: Glucose) »C 5 = a five-carbon molecule »C 4 = a four-carbon molecule »C 3 = a three-carbon molecule »C 2 = a two-carbon molecule »C 1 = a one-carbon molecule (example: CO 2 )  Each of these (C 6, C 5, etc.) also have hydrogen and oxygen atoms but these will be ignored.

Glycolysis The first step is called glycolysis. It occurs in the cytosol. During glycolysis, a glucose molecule (6 carbons) is converted to two pyruvate molecules (3 carbons each). It does not require oxygen (it is anaerobic). A total of 2 ATP are gained as a result of these reactions. Details of these reactions will be discussed later. InstructionsInstructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | FermentationReview# CarbonsOverviewGlycolysisAcetyl CoAKrebs CycleElectron transportSummaryFermentation glycolysis Glucose 2 Pyruvate 2 ATP

Fermentation Glucose 2 Pyruvate No oxygen Oxygen Aerobic respiration Alcohol + CO 2 (yeast, plants) Lactate (animals) Fermentation 2 ATP 34 more ATP 0 ATP InstructionsInstructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | FermentationReview# CarbonsOverviewGlycolysisAcetyl CoAKrebs CycleElectron transportSummaryFermentation Fermentation occurs if there is no oxygen present. It does not produce additional ATP.

Fermentation Glucose 2 Pyruvate No oxygen Oxygen Aerobic respiration Alcohol + CO 2 (yeast, plants) Lactate (animals) Fermentation 2 ATP 34 more ATP 0 ATP InstructionsInstructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | FermentationReview# CarbonsOverviewGlycolysisAcetyl CoAKrebs CycleElectron transportSummaryFermentation The waste products of fermentation are alcohol or lactate. Campbell Animation

InstructionsInstructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | FermentationReview# CarbonsOverviewGlycolysisAcetyl CoAKrebs CycleElectron transportSummaryFermentation 15 Glycolysis - Details Several different 3-carbon compounds are produced during the reactions. The designation “C 3 ” is used here to represent all of them. Be aware that in addition to carbon, these compounds also contain oxygen and hydrogen. glucose (C 6 ) 2C 3 2 pyruvate (C 3 )

InstructionsInstructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | FermentationReview# CarbonsOverviewGlycolysisAcetyl CoAKrebs CycleElectron transportSummaryFermentation 19 Glycolysis The goal of cellular respiration is to produce ATP. NADH contains energy that can be used to produce ATP. This will be discussed later. 2 NAD + 2 NADH glucose (C 6 ) 2 ATP 2 ADP P-C 6 -P 2 C 3 -P 2 pyruvate (C 3 )

InstructionsInstructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | FermentationReview# CarbonsOverviewGlycolysisAcetyl CoAKrebs CycleElectron transportSummaryFermentation 20 Glycolysis Additional phosphorylation also occurs, producing 3-carbon compounds that have 2 phosphate groups each. 2 NAD + 2 NADH glucose (C 6 ) 2 ATP 2 ADP P-C 6 -P 2 C 3 -P 2 P-C 3 -P 2 pyruvate (C 3 )

InstructionsInstructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | FermentationReview# CarbonsOverviewGlycolysisAcetyl CoAKrebs CycleElectron transportSummaryFermentation 21 Glycolysis Click here to review substrate-level phosphorylation 2 ADP 2 ATP 2 pyruvate (C 3 ) 2 ADP 2 ATP Four ATP are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation. 2 NAD + 2 NADH glucose (C 6 ) 2 ATP 2 ADP P-C 6 -P 2 C 3 -P 2 P-C 3 -P

InstructionsInstructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | FermentationReview# CarbonsOverviewGlycolysisAcetyl CoAKrebs CycleElectron transportSummaryFermentation 22 Glycolysis 2 ATP are consumed and 4 are produced. The net result is 2 ATP produced in glycolysis 2 ADP 2 ATP 2 pyruvate (C 3 ) 2 ADP 2 ATP 2 NAD + 2 NADH glucose (C 6 ) 2 ATP 2 ADP P-C 6 -P 2 C 3 -P 2 P-C 3 -P

Summary - Glycolysis InstructionsInstructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | FermentationReview# CarbonsOverviewGlycolysisAcetyl CoAKrebs CycleElectron transportSummaryFermentation This diagram summarizes glycolysis. As the discussion of cellular respiration proceeds, we will add to this diagram. Glycolysis glucose (C 6 ) 2 pyruvate (C 3 ) 2 ATP 2 NAD + 2 NADH 2 ADP 2 ATP 2 C 3

InstructionsInstructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | FermentationReview# CarbonsOverviewGlycolysisAcetyl CoAKrebs CycleElectron transportSummaryFermentation 26 Formation of Acetyl CoA During this step, the pyruvate that was produced by glycolysis is converted to acetyl CoA by the removal of CO 2. Pyruvate is a C 3, acetyl CoA is a C 2. (C 3 H 3 O 3 )(C 2 H 3 O – S – CoA) 2 pyruvate (C 3 ) 2 acetyl CoA (C 2 ) Coenzyme A 2 CO 2

Summary – Glycolysis, Acetyl CoA InstructionsInstructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | FermentationReview# CarbonsOverviewGlycolysisAcetyl CoAKrebs CycleElectron transportSummaryFermentation This diagram summarizes glycolysis and the formation of acetyl CoA. Glycolysis Formation of Acetyl CoA 2 acetyl groups (C 2 ) 2 NAD + 2 NADH 2 CO 2 glucose (C 6 ) 2 pyruvate (C 3 ) 2 ATP 2 NAD + 2 NADH 2 ADP 2 ATP 2 C 3

InstructionsInstructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | FermentationReview# CarbonsOverviewGlycolysisAcetyl CoAKrebs CycleElectron transportSummaryFermentation 29 Two Acetyl CoA Molecules  Each glucose molecule that initially began cellular respiration produce two acetyl CoA molecules (previous slide). The two acetyl CoA molecules will now enter the Krebs cycle.  The next several slides show the reactions that occur to one molecule of Acetyl CoA. Remember that the reactions must be repeated two times because there are two molecules of acetyl CoA for each glucose molecule that began cellular respiration.

InstructionsInstructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | FermentationReview# CarbonsOverviewGlycolysisAcetyl CoAKrebs CycleElectron transportSummaryFermentation 32 Krebs Cycle The acetyl portion of acetyl CoA becomes bonded to a C 4 molecule to produce a C 6 molecule. (C 6 H 5 O 7 ) Coenzyme A C4C4 C6C6 C 2 (acetyl CoA) The above diagram is represented by the equation below: Acetyl CoA + C 4  C 6 + Coenzyme A

Summary – Glycolysis, Acetyl CoA, Kreb’s Cycle InstructionsInstructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | FermentationReview# CarbonsOverviewGlycolysisAcetyl CoAKrebs CycleElectron transportSummaryFermentation Krebs Cycle 2 C 4 2 C 6 2 C 2 (acetyl CoA) 2 C 5 2 NADH 2 ATP 2 FADH 2 2 NADH 2 CO 2 Glycolysis Formation of Acetyl CoA 2 acetyl groups (C 2 ) 2 NAD + 2 NADH 2 CO 2 glucose (C 6 ) 2 pyruvate (C 3 ) 2 ATP 2 NAD + 2 NADH 2 ADP 2 ATP 2 C 3 Campbell Animation

InstructionsInstructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | FermentationReview# CarbonsOverviewGlycolysisAcetyl CoAKrebs CycleElectron transportSummaryFermentation 41 Electron Transport System  NADH and FADH 2 produced during these reactions can be used to produce ATP.  The production of ATP using NADH and FADH 2 involves the electron transport system, a system of proteins located on the inner membrane of the mitochondria.

Mitochondrion - 3 H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ When a carrier is reduced, some of the energy that is gained as a result of that reduction is used to pump hydrogen ions across the membrane into the intermembrane space. e-e- InstructionsInstructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | FermentationReview# CarbonsOverviewGlycolysisAcetyl CoAKrebs CycleElectron transportSummaryFermentation

Mitochondrion - 5 H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ As before, some of the energy gained by the next carrier as a result of reduction is used to pump hydrogen ions into the intermembrane space. e-e- InstructionsInstructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | FermentationReview# CarbonsOverviewGlycolysisAcetyl CoAKrebs CycleElectron transportSummaryFermentation

Mitochondrion -8 H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ Eventually, a concentration gradient of hydrogen ions is established in the intermembrane space (green on the diagram). e-e- InstructionsInstructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | FermentationReview# CarbonsOverviewGlycolysisAcetyl CoAKrebs CycleElectron transportSummaryFermentation

Mitochondrion -10 H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ 2H + + 2e - + 1/2 O 2 ® H 2 O Note that e - + H +  H Two electrons are required to form one molecule of water. The process therefore happens twice for each water molecule. InstructionsInstructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | FermentationReview# CarbonsOverviewGlycolysisAcetyl CoAKrebs CycleElectron transportSummaryFermentation

Mitochondrion -11 H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ ATP synthase produces ATP by phosphorylating ADP. The energy comes from hydrogen ions forcing their way into the matrix as they pass through the ATP synthase (due to osmotic pressure). ATP ADP + P i H+ InstructionsInstructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | FermentationReview# CarbonsOverviewGlycolysisAcetyl CoAKrebs CycleElectron transportSummaryFermentation

Summary of Oxidative Phosphorylation H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ NADH H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ 2H + + 2e - + 1/2 O 2  H 2 O ADP + P i H+ ATP InstructionsInstructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | FermentationReview# CarbonsOverviewGlycolysisAcetyl CoAKrebs CycleElectron transportSummaryFermentation Chemiosmosis: Any coupling of an exergonic flow of electrons down a concentration gradient to drive cellular work Awesome Weblink

Summary – Glycolysis, Acetyl CoA, Kreb’s Cycle, Electron Transport InstructionsInstructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | FermentationReview# CarbonsOverviewGlycolysisAcetyl CoAKrebs CycleElectron transportSummaryFermentation electron transport 32 ATP 1/2 O 2 H2OH2O 10 NAD + 2 FAD Krebs Cycle 2 C 4 2 C 6 2 C 2 (acetyl CoA) 2 C 5 2 NADH 2 ATP 2 FADH 2 2 NADH 2 CO 2 Glycolysis Formation of Acetyl CoA 2 acetyl groups (C 2 ) 2 NAD + 2 NADH 2 CO 2 glucose (C 6 ) 2 pyruvate (C 3 ) 2 ATP 2 NAD + 2 NADH 2 ADP 2 ATP 2 C 3 Campbell Animation

InstructionsInstructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | FermentationReview# CarbonsOverviewGlycolysisAcetyl CoAKrebs CycleElectron transportSummaryFermentation 59 ATP Yield per Glucose PathwaySubstrate-Level Phosphorylation Oxidative Phosphorylation Total ATP Glycolysis22 NADH (= 4 ATP)6 Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. NADH produced in the cytoplasm must be brought into the mitochondrion before ATP is produced. Each NADH produced in glycolysis results in 2 ATP.

InstructionsInstructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | FermentationReview# CarbonsOverviewGlycolysisAcetyl CoAKrebs CycleElectron transportSummaryFermentation 60 ATP Yield per Glucose PathwaySubstrate-Level Phosphorylation Oxidative Phosphorylation Total ATP Glycolysis22 NADH (= 4 ATP)6 Formation of Acetyl CoA 02 NADH (= 6 ATP)6 Acetyl CoA is formed in the mitochondrion. Because the NADH produced is already in the mitochondrion, each NADH results in the production of 3 ATP. These NADH result in the production of 2 ATP each because they are produced outside the mitochondrion and must be transported in.

InstructionsInstructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | FermentationReview# CarbonsOverviewGlycolysisAcetyl CoAKrebs CycleElectron transportSummaryFermentation 61 ATP Yield per Glucose PathwaySubstrate-Level Phosphorylation Oxidative Phosphorylation Total ATP Glycolysis22 NADH (= 4 ATP)6 Formation of Acetyl CoA 02 NADH (= 6 ATP)6 Krebs Cycle26 NADH (= 18 ATP) 2 FADH 2 (= 4 ATP) 24

InstructionsInstructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | FermentationReview# CarbonsOverviewGlycolysisAcetyl CoAKrebs CycleElectron transportSummaryFermentation 62 ATP Yield per Glucose PathwaySubstrate-Level Phosphorylation Oxidative Phosphorylation Total ATP Glycolysis22 NADH (= 4 ATP)6 Formation of Acetyl CoA 02 NADH (= 6 ATP)6 Krebs Cycle26 NADH (= 18 ATP) 2 FADH 2 (= 4 ATP) 24 Total43236

Fermentation Fermentation does not involve the formation of acetyl CoA, the Krebs Cycle, or oxidative phosphorylation. InstructionsInstructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | FermentationReview# CarbonsOverviewGlycolysisAcetyl CoAKrebs CycleElectron transportSummaryFermentation electron transport 32 ATP 1/2 O 2 H2OH2O 10 NAD + 2 FAD Krebs Cycle 2 C 4 2 C 6 2 C 2 (acetyl CoA) 2 C 5 2 NADH 2 ATP 2 FADH 2 2 NADH 2 CO 2 Glycolysis Formation of Acetyl CoA 2 acetyl groups (C 2 ) 2 NAD + 2 NADH 2 CO 2 glucose (C 6 ) 2 pyruvate (C 3 ) 2 ATP 2 NAD + 2 NADH 2 ADP 2 ATP 2 C 3

InstructionsInstructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | FermentationReview# CarbonsOverviewGlycolysisAcetyl CoAKrebs CycleElectron transportSummaryFermentation 66 Fermentation Glycolysis requires a supply of NAD +. NADH must reduce (donate its electrons) to another molecule in order to regenerate NAD +. Otherwise, all of the NAD + will be used up as it is converted to NADH and glycolysis will stop. 2 ADP 2 ATP 2 NAD + 2 NADH

InstructionsInstructions | Review | # Carbons | Overview | Glycolysis | Acetyl CoA | Krebs Cycle | Electron transport | Summary | FermentationReview# CarbonsOverviewGlycolysisAcetyl CoAKrebs CycleElectron transportSummaryFermentation 67 Fermentation glucose pyruvate lactate or alcohol (animals, bacteria) (plants, fungi) 2 ADP 2 ATP 2 NAD + 2 NADH NADH gives its electron to pyruvate, which is reduced to form either lactate or alcohol.

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation Enzyme High-energy moleculeADP Phosphate groups Continued on next slide

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation Continued on next slide

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation Low-energy moleculeATP Return

NAD + (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) Organic Molecule + NAD + NAD + + 2H  NADH + H +  NAD + functions in cellular respiration by carrying two electrons. With two electrons, it becomes NADH.  NAD + oxidizes its substrate by removing two hydrogen atoms. One of the hydrogen atoms bonds to the NAD +. The electron from the other hydrogen atom remains with the NADH molecule but the proton (H + ) is released.  NAD + + 2H  NADH + H +  NADH then donate the two electrons (one of them is a hydrogen atom) to another molecule. Continued on next slide + Organic Molecule +

Review: NAD + + 2H  NADH + H + NADH + H + NAD + Energy + 2H Energy + 2H Return NAD + is an electron carrier.

Review: A Cyclic Metabolic Pathway B C D F A E A + F  B B  C  D D  F + E Return

Cellular Respiration Harvesting Chemical Energy. Review: Oxidation and Reduction Oxidized atom Electron is donated Energy is donated Reduced atom Electron.

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Cellular Respiration Harvesting Chemical Energy. Review: Oxidation and Reduction Oxidized atom Electron is donated Energy is donated Reduced atom Electron.

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Presentation on theme: "Cellular Respiration Harvesting Chemical Energy. Review: Oxidation and Reduction Oxidized atom Electron is donated Energy is donated Reduced atom Electron."— Presentation transcript:

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