1. Sofie Gogic LIS 550 Winter 2012 A SOCIAL HISTORY OF DATA AGGREGATION

2.  Ancient Greece, China, Rome, Babylon  Rome: military focus, counted males only  Babylonia: agricultural focus  Used for land allocation, taxation  If you weren’t counted as a slave, you were doing pretty well. ANCIENT CENSUSES

3. FIRST US CENSUS SCHEDULE - 1790

4.  1790- first decennial US Census: Political representation  1902- US Census Bureau  1954- Title 13, Section 9 US code against identification of an individual’s census data  Privacy Act of 1974- establishment of the Federal Privacy Board and “standards and management systems for handling information relating to individuals” CENSUS HISTORY

5. WWII: CENSUS WARFARE Vs. Japanese American Internment The Holocaust

6. Title 13 of the United States Code, Section 9, part a: Neither the Secretary, nor any other officer or employee of the Department of Commerce or bureau or agency thereof, or local government census liaison may, except as provided in section 8 or 16 or chapter 10 of this title or section 210 of the Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1998 Use the information furnished under the provisions of this title for any purpose other than the statistical purposes for which it is supplied; or Make any publication whereby the data furnished by any particular establishment or individual under this title can be identified ; or Permit anyone other than the sworn officers and employees of the Department or bureau or agency thereof to examine the individual reports. No department, bureau, agency, officer, or employee of the Government, except the Secretary in carrying out the purposes of this title, shall require, for any reason, copies of census reports which have been retained by any such establishment or individual. Copies of census reports, which have been so retained, shall be immune from legal process, and shall not, without the consent of the individual or establishment concerned, be admitted as evidence or used for any purpose in any action, suit, or other judicial or administrative proceeding. SO…CONFIDENTIALITY MAKES EVERYTHING OK?

7. CENSUS-BASED MARKET SEGMENTATION: PRIZM

8.  Tracking: A small tracking “pixel” or javascript code embedded in the viewed page triggers the tracking server which collects and records attributes of the page, IP address, location of device, search query (if applicable), etc. User profiles are created from the aggregation of this data and reflect a high level of personal identification.  Targeting: Data aggregated through tracking can then be used to create individual user profiles as well as behavioral profiles for user sets in order to provide relevant advertising.  Behavioral Credit Scoring by banks that may give or deny credit/loans based on the correlation of customer’s online behavior vs tendencies of their related behavior profile. DATA AGGREGATION 101

9.  23 rd of February, 2012: Consumer Privacy Bill of Rights  Facebook made $3.2 billion from advertising in 2011  Google made $36.5 billion from advertising in 2011  Facebook and Google have tracking terms in their TOS  These services are offered free of charge to users because of the advertising revenue collected from them.  Data slaves? DATA AGGREGATION TODAY

10. Andrews, Lori. Facebook is Using You. New York Times, 4 February 2012. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/05/opinion/sunday/facebook-is-using- you.html?pagewanted=all http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/05/opinion/sunday/facebook-is-using- you.html?pagewanted=all Bilenko, Mikhael, Matthew Richardson, Janice Y. Tsai. Targeted, Not Tracked: Client-Side Solutions For Privacy Friendly Behavioral Advertising. Microsoft, 2011. http://petsymposium.org/2011/papers/hotpets11-final3Bilenko.pdf http://petsymposium.org/2011/papers/hotpets11-final3Bilenko.pdf Harper, Jim. It’s Modern Trade: Web Users Get as Much as They Give. Wall Street Journal, 6 August 2010. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703748904575411530096840 958.html http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703748904575411530096840 958.html Mamo, Andrew. Data Aggregation, Credit Scoring, and Privacy. Harvard CRCL, 13 February 2012. http://harvardcrcl.org/2012/02/13/data-aggregation-credit-scoring-and- privacy/http://harvardcrcl.org/2012/02/13/data-aggregation-credit-scoring-and- privacy/ Missiakoulis, Spyros, Cecrops, King of Athens: the First Recorded Population Census in History. International Statistical Review, Volume 78, Issue 3, pps 413–418, December 2010 Robertson, Michael. Privacy Overreaction Will Slow Progress. U-T San Diego, 13 November 2011. http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2011/nov/13/privacy-overreaction-will- slow-progress/http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2011/nov/13/privacy-overreaction-will- slow-progress/ Schwartz, Matthew J.. Obama’s Consumer Privacy Bill of Rights: 9 Facts. InformationWeek, 23 February 2012. http://www.informationweek.com/news/security/privacy/232601343 http://www.informationweek.com/news/security/privacy/232601343 US Census Bureau, Legislation, 25 January 2012. http://www.census.gov/history/www/reference/legislation/ http://www.census.gov/history/www/reference/legislation/ PRINT SOURCES

11. Roman Census Frieze: Courtesy of Marie-Lan Nguyen, Wikimedia Commons http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Altar_Domitius_Ahenobarbus_Louvre_n1.jpg Camp Harmony: Museum of History and Industry http://content.lib.washington.edu/cdm- ayp/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/imlsmohai&CISOPTR=1425&CISOBOX=1&REC=1 3 http://content.lib.washington.edu/cdm- ayp/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/imlsmohai&CISOPTR=1425&CISOBOX=1&REC=1 3 1790 Census Schedule: US Census Bureau: http://www.census.gov/history/pdf/1790_Census_Act.pdf http://www.census.gov/history/pdf/1790_Census_Act.pdf US Census Tabulators: US Census Bureau: http://www.census.gov/history/www/sights_sounds/photos/ http://www.census.gov/history/www/sights_sounds/photos/ Buchenwald: US Holocaust Memorial Museum http://digitalassets.ushmm.org/photoarchives/detail.aspx?id=1051021&search=p risoners&index=51 http://digitalassets.ushmm.org/photoarchives/detail.aspx?id=1051021&search=p risoners&index=51 American Dreams: http://www.claritas.com/MyBestSegments/Default.jsp?ID=0&SubID=&pageName= Home http://www.claritas.com/MyBestSegments/Default.jsp?ID=0&SubID=&pageName= Home Geo-Marketing: I4Innovations @ Blogger: http://i4innovations.blogspot.com/2011/11/location-location-location-geo.html IMAGE SOURCES