1. Cells Need Energy 1. Organisms obtain energy from food
Slide # 2
Cells Need Energy
1. Organisms obtain energy from food
2. Glucose is main source of food for cells
3. Cells break chemical bonds of glucose; energy released
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2. Respiration
*** We DON’T have to teach super specific processes of glycolysis, fermentation, just the reactants and products of each of those and that NADH is an electron carrier just like ATP (they are all energy molecules)

3. Cellular Respiration
If cellular respiration took place in just one step:
All of the energy would be released at once
Most would be lost in the form of light and heat.
Instead, a living cell has to release chemical energy in food molecules a little bit at a time.
Must trap those little bits of energy by using them to make ATP.

4. Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration - Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

5. Cellular Respiration Requires (Reactants): Gives Off (Products):
Glucose
Oxygen
Gives Off (Products):
Water
Carbon Dioxide
Energy

6. 3 Stages of Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
Each stage captures some of the chemical energy available in food molecules and uses it to produce ATP.

7. First Stage: Glycolysis
Glycolysis –A molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid.
Occurs in the cytoplasm
Does not require oxygen (anaerobic)
1 Glucose Pyruvic Acid
C-C-C-C-C-C C-C-C C-C-C

8. TO THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
Glycolysis
Glucose
C-C-C-C-C-C
C-C-C C-C-C
2 Pyruvic Acid
C-C-C C-C-C
2 ATP
2 ADP
2 NAD+
4 ADP
TO THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
2 NADH
4 ATP

9. Products of Glycolysis
NET Gain 2 ATP (Major Energy molecule)
2 NADH (Minor Energy molecule)
2 Pyruvic Acid Molecules
(Glucose – Sugar Sugar Song)

10. Fermentation Krebs Cycle
Glycolysis
Fermentation Krebs Cycle
Anaerobic (no oxygen)
Aerobic (oxygen)

11. Second Stage: Fermentation or Krebs Cycle
Glycolysis can be followed by fermentation or the Krebs cycle depending if oxygen is present.
Fermentation will occur if no oxygen is present.
Krebs Cycle will occur if oxygen is present.

12. Second Stage: Fermentation
Fermentation - Releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP in the absence of oxygen.
Anaerobic - Does not require oxygen
Occurs in the cytoplasm (cytosol)

13. Fermentation Two types of Fermentation: Alcoholic Fermentation
Lactic Acid Fermentation

14. Alcoholic Fermentation
Produces:
Ethyl alcohol
Carbon dioxide
Examples:
Used to produce beer and wine
Causes bread dough to rise
Carried out by yeasts and a few other microorganisms

15. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Produces:
Lactic Acid
Examples:
Produced in your muscles during rapid exercise
Buildup of lactic acid causes a painful, burning sensation…why muscles feel sore
Used in production of cheese, sour cream, yogurt, and pickles.
Carried out by animals and some unicellular prokaryotes (bacteria).

16. At the End of Glycolysis
90% of the chemical energy that was available in glucose is still unused
Locked in the high-energy electrons of pyruvic acid
Oxygen is required for the final steps of cellular respiration.
Oxygen is the world's most powerful electron acceptor.
Therefore, cellular respiration is aerobic (requires oxygen).

17. Second Stage: Krebs Cycle
Krebs Cycle - Pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions.
Occurs in the mitochondrion.

18. Krebs Cycle Starts: Pyruvic Acid Produces: Carbon Dioxide
Source of all the carbon dioxide in your breath.
Energy Tally - Each Molecule of Pyruvic Acid Produces:
1 ATP (and NADH/FADH2)
All energy molecules!

19. Third Stage: Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain uses the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP into ATP.
Oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor.
Occurs in the mitochondrion.

20. ATP Glycolysis: 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule
Needs 2 ATP (Investment)
Produces 4 ATP
Net gain of 2 ATP molecules.
Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport: 34 ATP molecules per glucose molecule
Total = 36 ATP

21. Black eyed peas review respiration song

22. Exercise: Quick Energy
Muscles only contain enough ATP for a few seconds of intense activity
Then, muscle cells produce their ATP by lactic acid fermentation.
Lasts only about 90 seconds or about meters.
Produces lactic acid, which requires oxygen debt (must repay after the race with plenty of heavy breathing).

23. Exercise: Long-Term Energy (Longer than 90 seconds)
Cellular Respiration is the only way to generate a continuing supply of ATP
Releases energy slowly (why athletes must pace themselves)
Body stores energy in muscle and other tissues in the form of the carbohydrate glycogen (usually enough to last for min.)
After that, your body begins to break down other stored molecules, including fats, for energy

24. Photosynthesis vs. Respiration
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration take place in opposite directions!
Photosynthesis: Use light energy to build a sugar.
carbon dioxide + water + light energy → sugars + oxygen
Respiration: Break down sugar to release energy.
oxygen + sugars → carbon dioxide + water + energy

25. Respiration: Break Down Glucose
Photosynthesis: Build Glucose

26. Photosynthesis vs. Respiration
Cellular Respiration Occurs In:
All eukaryotes
Some prokaryotes
Photosynthesis Occurs In:
Plants
Algae
Some bacteria

27. F. Review 1. What is the source of carbon for cellular respiration?
Glucose (C6H12O6) is the carbon source.

28. F. Review
2. Where do Stages 2 and 3 of cellular respiration take place?
in mitochondria