1. Principles of Programming Chapter 1: Introduction  In this chapter you will learn about:  Overview of Computer Component  Overview of Programming  The different types of language  Natural Language  Formal Language  Functional / Imperative Language  Programming Languages 1 NI S2 2009/10

2. Principles of Programming Overview of Computer Component  Computer Hardware  Computer Software 2

3. Principles of Programming Overview of Computer Hardware 3 Components of a PC Ordered sequence of storage location (memory cell)

4. Principles of Programming Overview of Computer Software  Operating System (OS)  the collection of computer programs that control the interaction of the user and the computer hardware.  Application Software  Programs developed to assist a computer user in accomplishing specific tasks.  E.g. Microsoft Word.  In order to create new application software, we need to write lists of instruction (program) to the computer to execute. 4

5. Principles of Programming What is Programming?  Programming is instructing a computer to do something for you with the help of a Programming Language  A programming language contains instructions for the computer to perform a specific action or a specific task:  Display “I like programming”  Display the current time 5

6. Principles of Programming  Programming language is different compared to our everyday-language (natural language); spoken and written  Does not have to be 100% correct but still understandable.  Depends on circumstances; the context: one word can have many meaning depending on the situation.  For example: PUNCH 6

7. Principles of Programming  Semantics – the meaning of the language within a given context  Syntax - Syntax are the rules to join words together in forming a correct expression or phrase.  In natural languages it is often possible to assemble a sentence in more than one correct ways. 7

8. Principles of Programming  Programming Language is a Formal Language used to communicate to a computer.  Very specific (one word means one thing – context free) since to 'talk' to a computer; to instruct a computer; our commands must be 100% clear and correct.  Either Functional - tell what to do but not how (sum [1...10])  or Imperative - describing the step by step to accomplish the task (Take the first number and add the next number to it; then add the next number to the sum; and …………; until you have reached 10 as number to be added. Then print the sum of all numbers) 8

9. Principles of Programming Programming Language  The two roles of a programming language:  Technical: It instructs the computer to perform tasks.  Conceptual: It is a framework within which we organize our ideas about things and processes.  In programming, we deal with two kind of things:  Data - representing 'objects' we want to manipulate  Procedures -'descriptions' or 'rules' that define how to manipulate data. 9

10. Principles of Programming Programming Language  Can be classified into a special-purpose and general- purpose programming languages.  Special-purpose : is design for a particular type of application  Structured Query Language (SQL)  General-purpose : can be used to obtain solutions for many types of problems.  Machine Languages  Assembly Languages  High-Level Languages 10

11. Principles of Programming Machine Language  The only language that the processor actually 'understands‘  Consists of binary codes: 0 and 1  Example: 00010101 11010001 01001100  Each of the lines above corresponds to a specific task to be done by the processor.  Programming in machine code is difficult and slow since it is difficult to memorize all the instructions.  Mistakes can happen very easily.  Processor and Architecture dependent (different machine language for different type of CPU) – not portable 11

12. Principles of Programming  Enables machine code to be represented in words and numbers.  Example of a program in assembly language: LOAD A, 9999 LOAD B, 8282 SUB B MOV C, A  Easier to understand and memorize (called Mnemonics), compared to machine code but still quite difficult to use.  Cannot be processed directly by a computer, must be converted to machine language using assemblers  Processor and Architecture dependent – not portable Assembly Language 12 LOAD A, 9999 LOAD B, 8282 SUB B MOV C, A LOAD A, 9999 LOAD B, 8282 SUB B MOV C, A 0111001100 1000110011 1001111001 1100110010 Assembler

13. Principles of Programming High-Level Language  Machine independent programming language that combines algebraic expression and English words.  Example: c = b - a  Processor independent - the same code can be run on different processors.  Examples: Basic, Fortran, Pascal, Cobol, C, C++, Java  High level language needs to be translated (compiled) to machine code by a program called compiler so that it can be executed by the processor. 13

14. Principles of Programming 14 Entering, translating, and running a High-Level Language Program

15. Principles of Programming Integrated Development Environment (IDE)  A package that combines a simple word processor with a compiler, linker and loader. 15

16. Principles of Programming C Programming Language Why 'C' ?  Because based on 'B'; developed at Bell Laboratories  Developed by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Laboratories in the 1960s  In cooperation with Ken Thomson it was used for Unix systems  The C Language was only vaguely defined, not standardized, so that almost everyone had his own perception of it, to such an extend that an urgent need for a standard code was creeping up 16

17. Principles of Programming C Programming Language cont…  In 1983, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) set up X3J11, a Technical Committee to draft a proposal for the ANSI standard, which was approved in 1989 and referred to as the ANSI/ISO 9899 : 1990 or simply the ANSI C, which is now the global standard for C.  This standard was updated in 1999; but there is no compiler yet 17

18. Principles of Programming C – An Imperative Language  C is a highly imperative formal language  We must tell it exactly how to do what;  the means and functions to use;  which libraries to use;  when to add a new line;  when an instruction is finished;  in short: everything and anything…  filename.c 18

19. Principles of Programming C++ Programming Language  Created by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labroratories in early 1980s  Is an extension of the C language  C++ contains all features of C and new features (C++ a superset of C)  C++ makes object-oriented programming possible.  filename.cpp 19

20. Principles of Programming A Simple Program in C #include int main(void) { printf("I like programming in C.\n"); return (0); } 20

21. Principles of Programming A Simple Program in C - explanation #include int main(void) { printf("I like programming in C.\n"); return (0); } 21 standard Library, input-output, header-file Beginning of the program End of statement End of Segment Start of Segment Function for printing text Insert a new line

22. Principles of Programming C Output I like programming in C. 22

23. Principles of Programming Summary  We have seen some different types of languages;  the relevance of semantics and syntax.  We have observed the detail necessary in an imperative language to instruct a computer properly.  Finally, we examined the syntax to print a line of text to the screen of our computer. 23