2. Figure 7.UN01 becomes oxidized (loses electron) becomes reduced (gains electron)

3. Figure 7.UN03 becomes oxidized becomes reduced

4. Figure 7.5 Explosive release (a) Uncontrolled reaction (b) Cellular respiration H2OH2O Free energy, G Electron transport chain Controlled release of energy H2OH2O 2 H  2 e − 2 H   2 e − ATP ½ ½ ½ H 2  O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 2 H 

5. Figure 7.UN05 Glycolysis (color-coded teal throughout the chapter) Pyruvate oxidation and the Krebs (citric acid)cycle (color-coded salmon) 1. Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis (color-coded violet) 2. 3.

6. Figure 7.6-1 Electrons via NADH Glycolysis GlucosePyruvate CYTOSOL ATP Substrate-level MITOCHONDRION

7. Figure 7.6-2 Electrons via NADH Glycolysis GlucosePyruvate oxidation Acetyl CoA Krebs cycle Electrons via NADH and FADH 2 CYTOSOL ATP Substrate-level ATP Substrate-level MITOCHONDRION

8. Figure 7.6-3 Electrons via NADH Glycolysis GlucosePyruvate oxidation Acetyl CoA Krebs cycle Electrons via NADH and FADH 2 Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis CYTOSOL ATP Substrate-level ATP Substrate-level MITOCHONDRION ATP Oxidative

9. Intermembrane space Matrix Inner membrane Outer membrane 5 Cristae

10. Figure 7.UN06 Glycolysis Pyruvate oxidation Krebs cycle Oxidative phosphorylation ATP

11. Figure 7.8 Energy Investment Phase Energy Payoff Phase Net Glucose 2 ADP  2 P 4 ADP  4 P 2 NAD   4 e −  4 H  4 ATP formed − 2 ATP used 2 ATP 4 ATP used formed 2 NADH  2 H  2 Pyruvate  2 H 2 O 2 NADH  2 H  2 ATP

13. Figure 7.UN07 Glycolysis Pyruvate oxidation Krebs cycle Oxidative phosphorylation ATP

14. Figure 7.10a CYTOSOL Pyruvate (from glycolysis, 2 molecules per glucose) CO 2 CoA NAD  NADH MITOCHONDRION CoA Acetyl CoA  H 

15. Figure 7.10b CoA Krebs cycle FADH 2 FAD ADP  P i ATP NADH 3 NAD  3  3 H  2CO 2 CoA Acetyl CoA

16. Figure 7.11-6 NADH NAD   H  8 Malate Succinate FAD FADH 2 Fumarate H2OH2O 7 6 Acetyl CoA Oxaloacetate Citrate H2OH2O Isocitrate NADH NAD   H  CO2CO2  -Ketoglutarate Krebs cycle CoA-SH CO2CO2 NAD  NADH  H  ATP formation Succinyl CoA ADP GDP GTP P i ATP 5 4 1 CoA-SH 3 2

17. Figure 7.UN09 Glycolysis Pyruvate oxidation Krebs cycle Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis ATP

19. Figure 7.14 Protein complex of electron carriers HH HH HH HH Q I II III FADH 2 FAD NAD  NADH (carrying electrons from food) Electron transport chain Oxidative phosphorylation Chemiosmosis ATP synthase HH ADP  ATP P i H2OH2O 2 H   ½ O 2 IV Cyt c 1 2

20. Figure 7.15 Electron shuttles span membrane CYTOSOL 2 NADH 2 FADH 2 or 2 NADH Glycolysis Glucose 2 Pyruvate oxidation 2 Acetyl CoA Krebs cycle 6 NADH2 FADH 2 Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis  about 26 or 28 ATP  2 ATP About 30 or 32 ATP Maximum per glucose: MITOCHONDRION

21. Figure 7.UN11 Inputs Glucose Glycolysis 2 Pyruvate  2 Outputs ATP NADH  2

22. Figure 7.UN12 Inputs 2 Pyruvate2 Acetyl CoA 2 Oxaloacetate Krebs cycle Outputs ATP CO 2 2 62 8 NADH FADH 2

23. Bell Work: Draw a flow diagram depicted how reactants and products flow through the 3 steps of cellular respiration

25. Alcoholic Fermentation Pyruvate releases CO 2 Resulting compound reduced by NADH to ethanol Bacteria

26. Pyruvate reduced by NADH to lactate Animals, fungi, and bacteria Buildup causes muscle fatigue (ATP use outpaces O 2 supply) Lactic Acid Fermentation

27. Animation: Fermentation Overview Right click slide / Select play

28. In respect to evolution, why is glycolysis so important? Ancient prokaryotes are thought to have used glycolysis long before there was oxygen in the atmosphere Very little O 2 was available in the atmosphere until about 2.7 billion years ago, but bacteria have been dated back 3.5 billion years Early prokaryotes likely used only glycolysis to generate ATP Glycolysis is a very ancient process