1. Programming Languages Lecture 12

2. What is Programming?  The process of telling the computer what to do  Also known as coding

3. What is Programming Language?  A vocabulary and set of grammatical rules for instructing a computer to perform specific tasks.

4. Examples of Programming Languages:  Machine Language  Assembly Language (1956-63)  LISP (1956)  Fortran (1957)  COBOL (1959)  PL/1(1964)  BASIC (1964)  Pascal (1970)  Smalltalk (1972)  C (1972)  Ada(1983)  C++ (1983-85)  QBasic (1986)  Perl (1987)  VisualBasic (1991)  PowerBuilder  Java (1995)  JavaScript  C# (2001)  …

5. Types of Computer Languages:  There are many types of computer languages, which can be categorized into the following four types:- a) Low-Level Languages b) High-Level Languages c) User-Friendly Languages d) Object-Oriented Languages

6. Computer Languages: a) Low-Level Language: Languages, which computer can understand directly and are machine dependent are called Low-Level Languages. For Example: Machine Language & Assembly Language.

7. Computer Languages: b) High-Level Language: The languages, which computer cannot understand directly and are not machine dependent are called High- Level Languages. Some are:- i. BASIC (Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) ii. C etc…

8. Computer Languages: c) User-Friendly Languages: These languages are very easy to codify and simplest to learn. Some are:- i. dBASE ii. Oracle iii. MS Access etc…

9. Computer Languages: d) Object-Oriented Languages: The languages which are based on object oriented programming (OOP) approach are called as Object-Oriented languages. For example:- i. Smalltalk ii. C++ iii. Object COBOL iv. JAVA v. Simula etc…

10. Language Translators:  The software, which converts the codes of other languages into machine code are called Language Translator.  Language Translators are categorized into three types:- 1) Assemblers 2) Interpreters 3) Compilers

11. Language Translators: 1) Assembler: Assembler translates the assembly language code (source program) into machine language code (object program).  The Microsoft assembler program (MASM) &  Borland Turbo assembler program (TASM) are two popular assemblers.  Assemblers are used mainly in development of system software.

12. Language Translators: 2) Interpreters: Interpreters translate the high- level language code into machine language code, command by command.  They are very slow for executing large programs, so interpreters are not suitable for most of applications development.

13. Language Translators: 3) Compilers: As contrast to interpreters, compilers provide faster execution speed.  Compilers translate the entire program (source code) into machine code (object code).  By using linker, the object code is converted into executable code.  Compilers are widely used in translating codes of high level languages.  As compared to assemblers or interpreters, compilers are preferred in development of application software.

14. Reading Material Programming Languages http://www.wikipedia.com/wiki/Programming_language What is Object-Oriented Software? http://catalog.com/softinfo/objects.html