1. CELL ENERGY Living things (cells) need energy Autotroph vs Heterotroph (Photosynthesis) (eating others) Chemical compounds store & release energy ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is cell ENERGY

2. Cell Energy ATP can release energy when broken ATP  ADP + P

3. PHOTOSYNTHESIS

4. PHOTOSYNTHESIS *OCCURS IN AUTOTROPHS (ORGANISMS THAT MAKE THEIR OWN FOOD) ALL ENERGY COMES FROM THE SUN (some exceptions include chemosynthetic bacteria) PLANTS USE LIGHT ENERGY TO PRODUCE FOOD

5. PHOTOSYNTHESIS: Early History SCIENTIST:DATECONTRIBUTION Jan van Helmont:1643 Concluded that trees gain mass from water Joseph Priestley:1771 Concluded plants produce oxygen Jan Ingenhousz:1779 Concluded that plants need sunlight to produce oxygen

6. Photosynthesis Occurs in plants, some bacteria and algae Occurs inside the chloroplast of the cell Chloroplast: double membrane organelle that contains chlorophyll(pigment that absorbs light)

7. Chlorophyll 2 main types : chlorophyll a & chlorophyll b Chlorophyll absorbs red & blue-violet colors well REFLECTS GREEN TO EYE

8. Chlorophyll

9. Chloroplast

10. PHOTOSYNTHESIS REACTANTS  PRODUCTS

11. Photosynthesis: An Overview

12. Light Dependent Reactions Occurs in the thylakoid membrane Uses water and light to produce oxygen and electron carriers (ATP & NADPH)

13. Light Independent Rxns aka Calvin Cycle Occurs in the stroma (liquid of chloroplast) Uses CO 2 to produce glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 - Carbon Dioxide enters cycle - Energy Input from ATP and NADPH - 6 carbon sugar molecule is produced - Remaining carbon is used to regenerate 5 carbon molecules

14. Factors that affect Photosynthesis A) Water Concentration (is water present?) B)Temperature (too hot or cold?) C)Light Intensity

15. Leaf Structure How do plants absorb carbon dioxide? Through the leaves!!! Underside of leaf  small holes bring in carbon dioxide

16. Stomates Stomate aka stomata : exchange gases and water

17. Cellular Respiration process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

18. Cellular Respiration Occurs in Autotrophs and Heterotroph (Plants) (Animals) Creates ATP (Energy aka Power) Occurs in the Mitochondrion (Powerhouse) Known as Aerobic Respiration because it requires oxygen

19. Cellular Respiration

20. Occurs in three steps Gradual(slow) Release of Energy Step 1: Glycolysis Step 2: Krebs Cycle Step 3: Electron Transport Chain

21. Glycolysis Breaking of glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 Glucose  2 Pyruvic Acid Releases a small amount of ATP Occurs in the cytoplasm

22. Krebs Cycle Only occurs if oxygen is present (aerobic) Happen inside the mitochondrion Uses Pyruvic Acid to create CO 2 and Citric Acid The Citric Acid is used to make 1 ATP and the electron carriers NADH & FADH 2

23. Electron Transport Chain Aerobic means _________ __________. Uses NADH and FADH 2 to produce ATP from ADP Electron are passed through carrier proteins in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion Oxygen is the final electron acceptor

25. Electron Transport Chain http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0 /chapter9/animations.html# http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0 /chapter9/animations.html#

26. Electron Transport Chain An enzyme called ATP synthase uses H+ (Protons) to spin the enzyme and creates ATP from ADP + P As a result of cellular respiration 36 ATP are produced If oxygen is not present… fermentation (anaerobic) occurs

27. Cellular Respiration

28. Fermentation Occurs after glycolysis in the absence of oxygen Occurs in the cytoplasm Anaerobic release of energy 2 Types : Alcohol Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation

29. Alcohol Fermentation Pyruvic acid + NADH  alcohol + CO 2 + NAD + * Occurs in yeast and a few other microorganisms * Used to produce bread

30. Lactic Acid Fermentation Pyruvic acid + NADH  Lactic Acid +NAD + Occurs in muscle cells during vigorous exercise Occurs in prokaryotes Commercially used to produce yogurt, cheese, sourcream, pickles, kimchi