1. 1)Explain (with relevant examples) the types of chemical reactions involves in microbial metabolism. [30 marks/markah] 2)Bacteria obtain the energy in Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) form from carbohydrate catabolism that consists of three stages, i.e.: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain. Briefly describe each of the stages and the numbers of ATP molecules produced. [30 marks/markah]

2. 3)Metabolism process in microorganism is divided into two parts, a catabolism and an anabolism. (i)Explain catabolism and anabolism and their relation to energy cycle. [20 Marks/Markah] (ii)Show the conversion of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and vice versa in phosphorylation. [10 Marks/Markah]

3. 4)Bacteria obtain the energy in ATP form from carbohydrate catabolism that consists of three stages, namely glycolysis, the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain. (i)Describe for each stage [30 Marks/Markah] (ii)Demonstrate numbers of ATP molecules produced. [15 Marks/Markah]

4. 5) Anabolism in microorganism involves the fixation of CO 2 from the atmosphere. (i)Give THREE CO 2 fixation pathways used by a name microorganism. [15 Marks/Markah] (ii)Explain the importance of carbon source in macromolecules biosynthesis. 6 (i)What are amphibolic pathways? Why are they important? (ii)Name the precursor metabolites derived from PPP (Pentose-phosphate pathway) and what do they synthesis. (iii)What happens to the carbon atoms in sugar catabolised by E. coli?

5. 7)Describe the roles and products of commonly used glycolysis pathway, the Embden-Meyerhof Pathway. [20 Marks] 8)The Calvin cycle consists of THREE main phases that play an important role for CO 2 fixation. i. Explain the use of CO 2 in cell metabolism. [10 marks] ii. Illustrate the major molecules conversion in each phase. [15 marks]